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US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

Tower_team:
PI: Russell Scott russ.scott@ars.usda.gov - United States Department of Agriculture
Technician: Ross Bryant ross.bryant@ars.usda.gov - USDA-ARS-SWRC
Lat, Long: 31.7365, -109.9419
Elevation(m): 1531
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP: GRA (Grasslands: Lands with herbaceous types of cover. Tree and shrub cover is less than 10%. Permanent wetlands lands with a permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation. The vegetation can be present in either salt, brackish, or fresh water.)
Climate Koeppen: Bsk (Steppe: warm winter)
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 15.64
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 407
Flux Species Measured: CO2
Years Data Collected: 2004 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 2004 - 2024   Data Citation

AmeriFlux FLUXNET 2004 - 2021   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
This site is located in a small, intensively-studied, experimental watershed within USDA-ARS's Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. Eddy covariance measurements ...
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URL: http://ars.usda.gov/PandP/docs.htm?docid=10978&page=1
Research Topics: Long-term energy and CO2 exchange study for semiarid warm season desert grassland.
Acknowledgment: —
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit: Russell Scott, 11/19/2015
Copyright preference: As long as credit is given
Site Publication More Site Publications
Scott, R.L., Hamerlynck, E.P., Jenerette, G.D., Moran, M.S., Barron-Gafford, G. 2010. Carbon Dioxide Exchange In A Semidesert Grassland Through Drought-Induced Vegetation Change, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115:G3, n/a-n/a.

US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing US-Wkg data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if US-Wkg data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246112
    Citation: Russell Scott (2024), AmeriFlux BASE US-Wkg Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands, Ver. 24-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246112
  • AmeriFlux FLUXNET: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1984575
    Citation: Russell Scott (2023), AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Wkg Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands, Ver. 3-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1984575

Find global FLUXNET datasets, like FLUXNET2015 and FLUXNET-CH4, and their citation information at fluxnet.org.

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

    —

Acknowledgments

    —

Resources

US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

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US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

Year Publication
2024 Javadian, M., Scott, R. L., Woodgate, W., Richardson, A. D., Dannenberg, M. P., Smith, W. K. (2024) Canopy temperature dynamics are closely aligned with ecosystem water availability across a water- to energy-limited gradient, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 357, 110206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110206
2021 Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2019 Novick, K. A., Konings, A. G., Gentine, P. (2019) Beyond Soil Water Potential: An Expanded View On Isohydricity Including Land–Atmosphere Interactions And Phenology, Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1802-1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13517
2016 Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N., Scott, R. L., Wang, L., Phillips, R. P. (2016) The Increasing Importance Of Atmospheric Demand For Ecosystem Water And Carbon Fluxes, Nature Climate Change, 6(11), 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114
2017 Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Bell, T. W., Bowling, D. R., Dore, S., Garatuza-Payan, J., Kolb, T. E., Krishnan, P., Krofcheck, D. J., Litvak, M. E., Maurer, G. E., Meyers, T. P., Oechel, W. C., Papuga, S. A., Ponce-Campos, G. E., Rodriguez, J. C., Smith, W. K., Vargas, R., Watts, C. J., Yepez, E. A., Goulden, M. L. (2017) Co2 Exchange And Evapotranspiration Across Dryland Ecosystems Of Southwestern North America, Global Change Biology, 23(10), 4204-4221. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13686
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2018 Smith, W. K., Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Moore, D. J., He, M., Kimball, J. S., Yan, D., Hudson, A., Barnes, M. L., MacBean, N., Fox, A. M., Litvak, M. E. (2018) Chlorophyll Fluorescence Better Captures Seasonal And Interannual Gross Primary Productivity Dynamics Across Dryland Ecosystems Of Southwestern North America, Geophysical Research Letters, 45(2), 748-757. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075922
2018 Zhang, Q., Phillips, R. P., Manzoni, S., Scott, R. L., Oishi, A. C., Finzi, A., Daly, E., Vargas, R., Novick, K. A. (2018) Changes In Photosynthesis And Soil Moisture Drive The Seasonal Soil Respiration-Temperature Hysteresis Relationship, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 259, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.005
2015 Dennis Baldocchi, Cove Sturtevant (2015) Does day and night sampling reduce spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration?, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 207, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.010
2011 Blonquist, J. M., Montzka, S. A., Munger, J. W., Yakir, D., Desai, A. R., Dragoni, D., Griffis, T. J., Monson, R. K., Scott, R. L., Bowling, D. R. (2011) The Potential Of Carbonyl Sulfide As A Proxy For Gross Primary Production At Flux Tower Sites, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 116(G4), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jg001723
2010 Scott, R. L. (2010) Using Watershed Water Balance To Evaluate The Accuracy Of Eddy Covariance Evaporation Measurements For Three Semiarid Ecosystems, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 150(2), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.11.002
2007 Watts, C. J., Scott, R. L., Garatuza-Payan, J., Rodriguez, J. C., Prueger, J. H., Kustas, W. P., Douglas, M. (2007) Changes In Vegetation Condition And Surface Fluxes During NAME 2004, Journal Of Climate, 20(9), 1810-1820. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4088.1
2010 Scott, R.L., Hamerlynck, E.P., Jenerette, G.D., Moran, M.S., Barron-Gafford, G. (2010) Carbon Dioxide Exchange In A Semidesert Grassland Through Drought-Induced Vegetation Change, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115(G3), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001348
2015 Scott, R. L., Biederman, J. A., Hamerlynck, E. P., Barron-Gafford, G. A. (2015) The Carbon Balance Pivot Point Of Southwestern U.S. Semiarid Ecosystems: Insights From The 21st Century Drought, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(12), 2612-2624. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003181
2009 Moran, M., Scott, R., Keefer, T., Emmerich, W., Hernandez, M., Nearing, G., Paige, G., Cosh, M., O’Neill, P. (2009) Partitioning Evapotranspiration In Semiarid Grassland And Shrubland Ecosystems Using Time Series Of Soil Surface Temperature, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 149(1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.004
2010 Polyakov, V.O., Nearing, M.A., Stone, J.J., Hamerlynck, E.P., Nichols, M.H., Holifield Collins, C.D., Scott, R.L. (2010) Runoff And Erosional Responses To A Drought-Induced Shift In A Desert Grassland Community Composition, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115(G4), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001386
2016 Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Goulden, M. L., Vargas, R., Litvak, M. E., Kolb, T. E., Yepez, E. A., Oechel, W. C., Blanken, P. D., Bell, T. W., Garatuza-Payan, J., Maurer, G. E., Dore, S., Burns, S. P. (2016) Terrestrial Carbon Balance In A Drier World: The Effects Of Water Availability In Southwestern North America, Global Change Biology, 22(5), 1867-1879. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13222
2007 Emmerich, W. E. (2007) Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency In A Semiarid Shrubland And Grassland Community, Rangeland Ecology & Management, 60(5), 464-470. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[464:ewueia]2.0.co;2
2012 Krishnan, P., Meyers, T. P., Scott, R. L., Kennedy, L., Heuer, M. (2012) Energy Exchange And Evapotranspiration Over Two Temperate Semi-Arid Grasslands In North America, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 153, 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.017
2009 Moran, M. S., Scott, R. L., Hamerlynck, E. P., Green, K. N., Emmerich, W. E., Holifield Collins, C. D. (2009) Soil Evaporation Response To Lehmann Lovegrass (Eragrostis Lehmanniana) Invasion In A Semiarid Watershed, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 149(12), 2133-2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.018
2003 Emmerich, W. E. (2003) Carbon Dioxide Fluxes In A Semiarid Environment With High Carbonate Soils, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 116(1-2), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00231-9
2008 Li, F., Kustas, W. P., Anderson, M. C., Prueger, J. H., Scott, R. L. (2008) Effect Of Remote Sensing Spatial Resolution On Interpreting Tower-Based Flux Observations, Remote Sensing Of Environment, 112(2), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.032
2013 P. Hamerlynck, E., L. Scott, R., Barron-Gafford, G. A. (2013) Consequences Of Cool-Season Drought-Induced Plant Mortality To Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Ecosystem And Soil Respiration Dynamics, Ecosystems, 16(7), 1178-1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9675-y
2015 Scott, R.L., Biederman, J.A., Hamerlynck, E.P., Barron-Gafford, G. (2015) The carbon balance pivot point of southwestern U.S. semiarid ecosystems: Insights from the 21st century drought, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120, 2612-2624. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003181
2016 Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113

US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

US-Wkg: Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 863m x 863m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
    Sep - Dec; 6pm - 6am
    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am