US-WCr: Willow Creek

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Tower_team:
PI:	Ankur Desai desai@aos.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
FluxContact:	Jonathan Thom jthom@ssec.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
Lat, Long:	45.8059, -90.0799
Elevation(m):	520.00
Network Affiliations:	AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP:	DBF (Deciduous Broadleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of broadleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods.)
Climate Koeppen:	Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C):	4.02
Mean Annual Precip. (mm):	787
Flux Species Measured:	CO2, H, H2O
Years Data Collected:	1999 - Present
Years Data Available:	AmeriFlux BASE 1998 - 2024 Data Citation
Data Use Policy:	AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy¹
Description:	Upland decduous broadleaf forest. Mainly sugar maple, also basswood. Uniform stand atop a very modest hill. Clearcut approximately 80 years ago. Chosen ... Upland decduous broadleaf forest. Mainly sugar maple, also basswood. Uniform stand atop a very modest hill. Clearcut approximately 80 years ago. Chosen to be representative of the upland deciduous broadleaf forests within the WLEF tall tower flux footprint. It appears to be more heavily forested and more productive than most of the upland deciduous broadleaf forests in the WLEF flux footprint (see publications for more details). It is also important that SE winds are screened from the flux data (see Cook et al, 2004 for details). Propane generator power. See More Show Less
URL:	http://flux.aos.wisc.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/ChEASData
Research Topics:	The research and science objectives of the Willow Creek site are as follows: 1) Continuously measure the turbulent fluxes of carbon, water vapor, and temperature ... The research and science objectives of the Willow Creek site are as follows: 1) Continuously measure the turbulent fluxes of carbon, water vapor, and temperature above an upland deciduous forest; 2) Quantify the differential impact of environmental drivers, radiation, and vapor pressure deficit in an upland forest; 3) Determine the key driver, radiation or vapor pressure deficit, of flux data for each tower year, and on the basis of this analysis apply the appropriate model to help explain observed intersite, interannual, and interseasonal variation in evapotranspiration; 4) Contribute to cross-site comparisons of biometric estimates of annual carbon storage to assess the viability of a synthesis that could provide an independant constraint on meteorologically based estimates of the same variable. (Mackay et al. (2007); Cook et al. (2004); Curtis et al. (2002)) See More Show Less
Acknowledgment:	—

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The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

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Year	Publication
2021	Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2020	Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019	Zhang, Q., Ficklin, D. L., Manzoni, S., Wang, L., Way, D., Phillips, R. P., Novick, K. A. (2019) Response Of Ecosystem Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency And Gross Primary Productivity To Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit, Environmental Research Letters, 14(7), 074023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2603
2019	Novick, K. A., Konings, A. G., Gentine, P. (2019) Beyond Soil Water Potential: An Expanded View On Isohydricity Including Land–Atmosphere Interactions And Phenology, Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1802-1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13517
2018	Helliker, B. R., Song, X., Goulden, M. L., Clark, K., Bolstad, P., Munger, J. W., Chen, J., Noormets, A., Hollinger, D., Wofsy, S., Martin, T., Baldocchi, D., Euskirchenn, E., Desai, A., Burns, S. P. (2018) Assessing The Interplay Between Canopy Energy Balance And Photosynthesis With Cellulose δ18o: Large-Scale Patterns And Independent Ground-Truthing, Oecologia, . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4198-z
2018	Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2018	Besnard, S., Carvalhais, N., Arain, M. A., Black, A., de Bruin, S., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Clevers, J. G., Desai, A. R., Gough, C. M., Havrankova, K., Herold, M., Hörtnagl, L., Jung, M., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Krupkova, L., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Noormets, A., Roupsard, O., Steinbrecher, R., Varlagin, A., Vincke, C., Reichstein, M. (2018) Quantifying The Effect Of Forest Age In Annual Net Forest Carbon Balance, Environmental Research Letters, 13(12), 124018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeaeb
2018	Helliker, B. R., Song, X., Goulden, M. L., Clark, K., Bolstad, P., Munger, J. W., Chen, J., Noormets, A., Hollinger, D., Wofsy, S., Martin, T., Baldocchi, D., Euskirchenn, E., Desai, A., Burns, S. P. (2018) Assessing The Interplay Between Canopy Energy Balance And Photosynthesis With Cellulose δ18o: Large-Scale Patterns And Independent Ground-Truthing, Oecologia, 187(4), 995-1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4198-z
2016	Whelan, M. E., Hilton, T. W., Berry, J. A., Berkelhammer, M., Desai, A. R., Campbell, J. E. (2016) Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange In Soils For Better Estimates Of Ecosystem Carbon Uptake, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, 16(6), 3711-3726. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3711-2016
2016	Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N., Scott, R. L., Wang, L., Phillips, R. P. (2016) The Increasing Importance Of Atmospheric Demand For Ecosystem Water And Carbon Fluxes, Nature Climate Change, 6(11), 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114
2015	Phillips, C. L., McFarlane, K. J., LaFranchi, B., Desai, A. R., Miller, J. B., Lehman, S. J. (2015) Observations of 14CO2 In Ecosystem Respiration From A Temperate Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(4), 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002808
2014	Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2013	Phillips, C., McFarlane, K.J., Risk, D., Desai, A.R. (2013) Biological And Physical Influences On Soil 14CO2 Seasonal Dynamics In A Temperate Hardwood Forest, Biogeosciences, 10(12), 7999-8012. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7999-2013
2013	Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2013	Barr, A., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Papale, D., Arain, M., Black, T., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M., Gu, L., Law, B., Margolis, H., McCaughey, J., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Schaeffer, K. (2013) Use Of Change-Point Detection For Friction–Velocity Threshold Evaluation In Eddy-Covariance Studies, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.023
2012	Richardson, A. D., Anderson, R. S., Arain, M. A., Barr, A. G., Bohrer, G., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Dragoni, D., Garrity, S. R., Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Migliavacca, M., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Poulter, B., Raczka, B. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Sahoo, A. K., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Xiao, J., Xue, Y. (2012) Terrestrial Biosphere Models Need Better Representation Of Vegetation Phenology: Results From The North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis, Global Change Biology, 18(2), 566-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
2010	Desai, A.R. (2010) Climatic And Phenological Controls On Coherent Regional Interannual Variability Of Carbon Dioxide Flux In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 115(G00J02), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001423
2008	Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., Wang, W. (2008) Influence Of Vegetation And Seasonal Forcing On Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Across The Upper Midwest, Usa: Implications For Regional Scaling, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001
2005	Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Carey, E. V. (2005) Comparing Net Ecosystem Exchange Of Carbon Dioxide Between An Old-Growth And Mature Forest In The Upper Midwest, Usa, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 128(1-2), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.09.005
2005	Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., Sulzman, J. (2005) An Analysis Of Soil Respiration Across Northern Hemisphere Temperate Ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 29-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-2946-0
2005	Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V. (2005) Annual Soil Respiration In Broadleaf Forests Of Northern Wisconsin: Influence Of Moisture And Site Biological, Chemical, And Physical Characteristics, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 149-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-5166-8
2004	Yi, C., Li, R., Bakwin, P. S., Desai, A., Ricciuto, D. M., Burns, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Wilson, K., Monson, R. K. (2004) A Nonparametric Method For Separating Photosynthesis And Respiration Components In CO2 Flux Measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(17), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020490
2004	Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Denning, A. S., Zhang, N., Desai, A., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C. (2004) Observed Covariance Between Ecosystem Carbon Exchange And Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics At A Site In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D8), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004164
2004	Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z. (2004) Regional Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From Mixing Ratio Data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v56i4.16446
2004	Bolstad, P. V., Davis, K. J., Martin, J., Cook, B. D., Wang, W. (2004) Component And Whole-System Respiration Fluxes In Northern Deciduous Forests, Tree Physiology, 24(5), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.5.493
2004	Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Heilman, W. (2004) Carbon Exchange And Venting Anomalies In An Upland Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, USA, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 126(3-4), 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008
2003	Baker, I., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Uliasz, M., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated And Observed Fluxes Of Sensible And Latent Heat And CO2 At The WLEF-TV Tower Using SiB2.5, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1262-1277. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x
2003	Werner, C., Davis, K., Bakwin, P., Yi, C., Hurst, D., Lock, L. (2003) Regional-Scale Measurements Of CH4 Exchange From A Tall Tower Over A Mixed Temperate/Boreal Lowland And Wetland Forest, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1251-1261. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00670.x
2003	Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M., Isebrands, J. G. (2003) The Annual Cycles Of CO2 And H2O Exchange Over A Northern Mixed Forest As Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1278-1293. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x
2003	Scott Denning, A., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated Variations In Atmospheric CO2 Over A Wisconsin Forest Using A Coupled Ecosystem-Atmosphere Model, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00613.x
2002	Curtis, P. S., Hanson, P. J., Bolstad, P., Barford, C., Randolph, J., Schmid, H., Wilson, K. B. (2002) Biometric And Eddy-Covariance Based Estimates Of Annual Carbon Storage In Five Eastern North American Deciduous Forests, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00099-0
2001	Potter, B. E., Teclaw, R. M., Zasada, J. C. (2001) The Impact Of Forest Structure On Near-Ground Temperatures During Two Years Of Contrasting Temperature Extremes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 106(4), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00220-3

US-WCr: Willow Creek

US-WCr: Willow Creek

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

2013.US.WCr.sitevisit.DSC_0060

Wind River AmeriFlux canopy hut

Willow Creek Tower from under canopy

Willow Creek LI7200RS new box install

Willow Creek LI7200RS installation

Tower fun!

Willow Creek Tower and shed

US-WCr: Willow Creek

US-WCr: Willow Creek

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

US-WCr: Willow Creek

DOI(s) for citing US-WCr data

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

Acknowledgments

Resources

US-WCr: Willow Creek

US-WCr: Willow Creek

2013.US.WCr.sitevisit.DSC_0060

Wind River AmeriFlux canopy hut

Willow Creek Tower from under canopy

Willow Creek LI7200RS new box install

Willow Creek LI7200RS installation

Tower fun!

Willow Creek Tower and shed

US-WCr: Willow Creek

MODIS NDVI

PhenoCam Images and Derived Time Series Data

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GeoNEX Data Products

NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NIRv Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation

DSR: Surface downward shortwave radiation

LST: Land Surface Temperature

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

US-WCr: Willow Creek

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

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