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US-WCr: Willow Creek

Tower_team:
PI: Ankur Desai desai@aos.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
FluxContact: Jonathan Thom jthom@ssec.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
Lat, Long: 45.8059, -90.0799
Elevation(m): 520.00
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP: DBF (Deciduous Broadleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of broadleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods.)
Climate Koeppen: Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 4.02
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 787
Flux Species Measured: CO2, H, H2O
Years Data Collected: 1999 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 1998 - 2024   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
Upland decduous broadleaf forest. Mainly sugar maple, also basswood. Uniform stand atop a very modest hill. Clearcut approximately 80 years ago. Chosen ...
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URL: http://flux.aos.wisc.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/ChEASData
Research Topics:
The research and science objectives of the Willow Creek site are as follows: 1) Continuously measure the turbulent fluxes of carbon, water vapor, and temperature ...
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Acknowledgment: —
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit:
Copyright preference: Open use
Site Publication More Site Publications

US-WCr: Willow Creek

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing US-WCr data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if US-WCr data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246111
    Citation: Ankur Desai (2024), AmeriFlux BASE US-WCr Willow Creek, Ver. 31-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246111

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

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Acknowledgments

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Resources

US-WCr: Willow Creek

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Note: Results are the number of downloads to distinct data users. The Download Count column indicates the number of times the data user downloaded the data. The Version column refers to the version of the data product for the site that was downloaded by the data user.

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US-WCr: Willow Creek

Year Publication
2020 Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2021 Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2019 Novick, K. A., Konings, A. G., Gentine, P. (2019) Beyond Soil Water Potential: An Expanded View On Isohydricity Including Land–Atmosphere Interactions And Phenology, Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1802-1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13517
2019 Zhang, Q., Ficklin, D. L., Manzoni, S., Wang, L., Way, D., Phillips, R. P., Novick, K. A. (2019) Response Of Ecosystem Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency And Gross Primary Productivity To Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit, Environmental Research Letters, 14(7), 074023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2603
2016 Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N., Scott, R. L., Wang, L., Phillips, R. P. (2016) The Increasing Importance Of Atmospheric Demand For Ecosystem Water And Carbon Fluxes, Nature Climate Change, 6(11), 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114
2012 Richardson, A. D., Anderson, R. S., Arain, M. A., Barr, A. G., Bohrer, G., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Dragoni, D., Garrity, S. R., Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Migliavacca, M., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Poulter, B., Raczka, B. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Sahoo, A. K., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Xiao, J., Xue, Y. (2012) Terrestrial Biosphere Models Need Better Representation Of Vegetation Phenology: Results From The North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis, Global Change Biology, 18(2), 566-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
2013 Barr, A., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Papale, D., Arain, M., Black, T., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M., Gu, L., Law, B., Margolis, H., McCaughey, J., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Schaeffer, K. (2013) Use Of Change-Point Detection For Friction–Velocity Threshold Evaluation In Eddy-Covariance Studies, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.023
2013 Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2014 Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2016 Whelan, M. E., Hilton, T. W., Berry, J. A., Berkelhammer, M., Desai, A. R., Campbell, J. E. (2016) Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange In Soils For Better Estimates Of Ecosystem Carbon Uptake, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, 16(6), 3711-3726. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3711-2016
2018 Helliker, B. R., Song, X., Goulden, M. L., Clark, K., Bolstad, P., Munger, J. W., Chen, J., Noormets, A., Hollinger, D., Wofsy, S., Martin, T., Baldocchi, D., Euskirchenn, E., Desai, A., Burns, S. P. (2018) Assessing The Interplay Between Canopy Energy Balance And Photosynthesis With Cellulose δ18o: Large-Scale Patterns And Independent Ground-Truthing, Oecologia, 187(4), 995-1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4198-z
2018 Besnard, S., Carvalhais, N., Arain, M. A., Black, A., de Bruin, S., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Clevers, J. G., Desai, A. R., Gough, C. M., Havrankova, K., Herold, M., Hörtnagl, L., Jung, M., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Krupkova, L., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Noormets, A., Roupsard, O., Steinbrecher, R., Varlagin, A., Vincke, C., Reichstein, M. (2018) Quantifying The Effect Of Forest Age In Annual Net Forest Carbon Balance, Environmental Research Letters, 13(12), 124018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeaeb
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2018 Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2018 Helliker, B. R., Song, X., Goulden, M. L., Clark, K., Bolstad, P., Munger, J. W., Chen, J., Noormets, A., Hollinger, D., Wofsy, S., Martin, T., Baldocchi, D., Euskirchenn, E., Desai, A., Burns, S. P. (2018) Assessing The Interplay Between Canopy Energy Balance And Photosynthesis With Cellulose δ18o: Large-Scale Patterns And Independent Ground-Truthing, Oecologia, . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4198-z
2015 Phillips, C. L., McFarlane, K. J., LaFranchi, B., Desai, A. R., Miller, J. B., Lehman, S. J. (2015) Observations of 14CO2 In Ecosystem Respiration From A Temperate Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(4), 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002808
2003 Scott Denning, A., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated Variations In Atmospheric CO2 Over A Wisconsin Forest Using A Coupled Ecosystem-Atmosphere Model, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00613.x
2004 Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Heilman, W. (2004) Carbon Exchange And Venting Anomalies In An Upland Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, USA, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 126(3-4), 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008
2005 Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V. (2005) Annual Soil Respiration In Broadleaf Forests Of Northern Wisconsin: Influence Of Moisture And Site Biological, Chemical, And Physical Characteristics, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 149-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-5166-8
2010 Desai, A.R. (2010) Climatic And Phenological Controls On Coherent Regional Interannual Variability Of Carbon Dioxide Flux In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 115(G00J02), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001423
2004 Bolstad, P. V., Davis, K. J., Martin, J., Cook, B. D., Wang, W. (2004) Component And Whole-System Respiration Fluxes In Northern Deciduous Forests, Tree Physiology, 24(5), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.5.493
2003 Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M., Isebrands, J. G. (2003) The Annual Cycles Of CO2 And H2O Exchange Over A Northern Mixed Forest As Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1278-1293. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x
2003 Werner, C., Davis, K., Bakwin, P., Yi, C., Hurst, D., Lock, L. (2003) Regional-Scale Measurements Of CH4 Exchange From A Tall Tower Over A Mixed Temperate/Boreal Lowland And Wetland Forest, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1251-1261. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00670.x
2002 Curtis, P. S., Hanson, P. J., Bolstad, P., Barford, C., Randolph, J., Schmid, H., Wilson, K. B. (2002) Biometric And Eddy-Covariance Based Estimates Of Annual Carbon Storage In Five Eastern North American Deciduous Forests, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00099-0
2005 Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., Sulzman, J. (2005) An Analysis Of Soil Respiration Across Northern Hemisphere Temperate Ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 29-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-2946-0
2004 Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z. (2004) Regional Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From Mixing Ratio Data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v56i4.16446
2008 Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., Wang, W. (2008) Influence Of Vegetation And Seasonal Forcing On Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Across The Upper Midwest, Usa: Implications For Regional Scaling, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001
2004 Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Denning, A. S., Zhang, N., Desai, A., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C. (2004) Observed Covariance Between Ecosystem Carbon Exchange And Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics At A Site In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D8), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004164
2001 Potter, B. E., Teclaw, R. M., Zasada, J. C. (2001) The Impact Of Forest Structure On Near-Ground Temperatures During Two Years Of Contrasting Temperature Extremes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 106(4), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00220-3
2004 Yi, C., Li, R., Bakwin, P. S., Desai, A., Ricciuto, D. M., Burns, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Wilson, K., Monson, R. K. (2004) A Nonparametric Method For Separating Photosynthesis And Respiration Components In CO2 Flux Measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(17), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020490
2005 Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Carey, E. V. (2005) Comparing Net Ecosystem Exchange Of Carbon Dioxide Between An Old-Growth And Mature Forest In The Upper Midwest, Usa, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 128(1-2), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.09.005
2013 Phillips, C., McFarlane, K.J., Risk, D., Desai, A.R. (2013) Biological And Physical Influences On Soil 14CO2 Seasonal Dynamics In A Temperate Hardwood Forest, Biogeosciences, 10(12), 7999-8012. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7999-2013
2003 Baker, I., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Uliasz, M., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated And Observed Fluxes Of Sensible And Latent Heat And CO2 At The WLEF-TV Tower Using SiB2.5, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1262-1277. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x

US-WCr: Willow Creek

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

US-WCr: Willow Creek

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 707m x 707m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
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    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am