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CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

Tower_team:
PI: Brian Amiro Brian_Amiro@umanitoba.ca - University of Manitoba
AncContact: Steve Wofsy swofsy@seas.harvard.edu - Harvard University
Lat, Long: 55.8796, -98.4808
Elevation(m): 259
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux, Fluxnet-Canada
Vegetation IGBP: ENF (Evergreen Needleleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.)
Climate Koeppen: Dfc (Subarctic: severe winter, no dry season, cool summer)
Mean Annual Temp (°C): -3.2
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 520
Flux Species Measured: CO2
Years Data Collected: 1994 - 2008
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 1994 - 2008   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
55.880° N, 98.481° W, elevation of 259 m, Boreal coniferous: Black spruce; occasional larch present in poorly-drained areas. Groundcover is moss (feathermosses ...
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URL: http://daac.ornl.gov/BOREAS/bhs/Sites/NSA-OBS.html
Research Topics: —
Acknowledgment: The data collection was funded by many sources, including: the DOE Terrestrial Carbon Program, NASA Terrestrial Ecosystem Program, the Fluxnet Canada Research Network and the Canadian Carbon Program (supported by the Canadian National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences and the BIOCAP Canada Foundation).
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit: , //2006
Copyright preference: Open use
Site Publication More Site Publications

CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing CA-Man data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if CA-Man data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1245997
    Citation: Brian Amiro (2023), AmeriFlux BASE CA-Man Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area), Ver. 3-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1245997

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

    —

Acknowledgments

    —

Resources

CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

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CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

Year Publication
2020 Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2021 Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2013 Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2017 Soloway, A.D., B.D. AMIRO, A.L. Dunn, and S.C. Wofsy. (2017) Carbon neutral or a sink? Uncertainty caused by gapfilling long-term flux measurements for an old-growth boreal black spruce forest., Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 233, 110-121.
2018 Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2018 Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., Poindexter, C., Abraha, M., Desai, A. R., Bohrer, G., Arain, M. A., Griffis, T., Blanken, P. D., O'Halloran, T. L., Thomas, R. Q., Zhang, Q., Burns, S. P., Frank, J. M., Christian, D., Brown, S., Black, T. A., Gough, C. M., Law, B. E., Lee, X., Chen, J., Reed, D. E., Massman, W. J., Clark, K., Hatfield, J., Prueger, J., Bracho, R., Baker, J. M., Martin, T. A. (2018) Temporal Dynamics Of Aerodynamic Canopy Height Derived From Eddy Covariance Momentum Flux Data Across North American Flux Networks, Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 9275–9287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079306
2007 Bergeron, O., Margolis, H. A., Black, T. A., Coursolle, C., Dunn, A. L., Barr, A. G., Wofsy, S. C. (2007) Comparison Of Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Over Three Boreal Black Spruce Forests In Canada, Global Change Biology, 13(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x
2001 Nakamura, R., Mahrt, L. (2001) Similarity Theory For Local And Spatially Averaged Momentum Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 108(4), 265-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(01)00250-7
2000 Nichol, C. J., Huemmrich, K. F., Black, T., Jarvis, P. G., Walthall, C. L., Grace, J., Hall, F. G. (2000) Remote Sensing Of Photosynthetic-Light-Use Efficiency Of Boreal Forest, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 101(2-3), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(99)00167-7
1997 Brooks, J. R., Flanagan, L. B., Varney, G. T., Ehleringer, J. R. (1997) Vertical Gradients In Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Characteristics And Refixation Of Respired CO2 Within Boreal Forest Canopies, Tree Physiology, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.1.1
2006 Coursolle, C., Margolis, H. A., Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Amiro, B. D., McCaughey, J. H., Flanagan, L. B., Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bourque, C. P., Arain, M. A., Wofsy, S. C., Dunn, A., Morgenstern, K., Orchansky, A. L., Bernier, P. Y., Chen, J. M., Kidston, J., Saigusa, N., Hedstrom, N. (2006) Late-Summer Carbon Fluxes From Canadian Forests And Peatlands Along An East-–West Continental Transect, Canadian Journal Of Forest Research, 36(3), 783-800. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-270
1997 Gower, S. T., Vogel, J. G., Norman, J. M., Kucharik, C. J., Steele, S. J., Stow, T. K. (1997) Carbon Distribution And Aboveground Net Primary Production In Aspen, Jack Pine, And Black Spruce Stands In Saskatchewan And Manitoba, Canada, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102(D24), 29029-29041. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02317
1997 Margolis, H. A., Ryan, M. G. (1997) A Physiological Basis For Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions In The Boreal Forest: An Overview, Tree Physiology, 17(8-9), 491-499. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.491
1997 Lavigne, M. B., Ryan, M. G. (1997) Growth And Maintenance Respiration Rates Of Aspen, Black Spruce And Jack Pine Stems At Northern And Southern BOREAS Sites, Tree Physiology, 17(8-9), 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.543
2004 Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., Gower, S. T. (2004) Net Primary Production And Net Ecosystem Production Of A Boreal Black Spruce Wildfire Chronosequence, Global Change Biology, 10(4), 473-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.0742.x
1999 Joiner, D. W., McCaughey, J. H., Lafleur, P. M., Bartlett, P. A. (1999) Water And Carbon Dioxide Exchange At A Boreal Young Jack Pine Forest In The BOREAS Northern Study Area, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 104(D22), 27641-27652. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900368
2002 Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., Gower, S. T., Norman, J. (2002) Leaf Area Dynamics Of A Boreal Black Spruce Fire Chronosequence, Tree Physiology, 22(14), 993-1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.14.993
1999 Kucharik, C. J., Norman, J. M., Gower, S. T. (1999) Characterization Of Radiation Regimes In Nonrandom Forest Canopies: Theory, Measurements, And A Simplified Modeling Approach, Tree Physiology, 19(11), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.11.695
2007 Dunn, A. L., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Daube, B. C. (2007) A Long-Term Record Of Carbon Exchange In A Boreal Black Spruce Forest: Means, Responses To Interannual Variability, And Decadal Trends, Global Change Biology, 13(3), 577-590. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x
2004 Hirsch, A. I., Trumbore, S. E., Goulden, M. L. (2004) The Surface CO2 Gradient And Pore-Space Storage Flux In A High-Porosity Litter Layer, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00113.x
2001 Gower, S. T., Krankina, O., Olson, R. J., Apps, M., Linder, S., Wang, C. (2001) Net Primary Production And Carbon Allocation Patterns Of Boreal Forest Ecosystems, Ecological Applications, 11(5), 1395-1411. https://doi.org/10.2307/3060928
2004 Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z. (2004) Regional Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From Mixing Ratio Data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v56i4.16446
1999 Reich, P. B., Turner, D. P., Bolstad, P. (1999) An Approach To Spatially Distributed Modeling Of Net Primary Production (NPP) At The Landscape Scale And Its Application In Validation Of EOS NPP Products, Remote Sensing Of Environment, 70(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00058-9
1997 Dang, Q., Margolis, H. A., Coyea, M. R., Sy, M., Collatz, G. J. (1997) Regulation Of Branch-Level Gas Exchange Of Boreal Trees: Roles Of Shoot Water Potential And Vapor Pressure Difference, Tree Physiology, 17(8-9), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.521
1999 Amiro, B., MacPherson, J. I., Desjardins, R. L. (1999) Boreas Flight Measurements Of Forest-Fire Effects On Carbon Dioxide And Energy Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 96(4), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(99)00050-7
1997 Steele, S. J., Gower, S. T., Vogel, J. G., Norman, J. M. (1997) Root Mass, Net Primary Production And Turnover In Aspen, Jack Pine And Black Spruce Forests In Saskatchewan And Manitoba, Canada, Tree Physiology, 17(8-9), 577-587. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.577
1997 Kimball, J. S., Thornton, P. E., White, M. A., Running, S. W. (1997) Simulating Forest Productivity And Surface-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange In The BOREAS Study Region, Tree Physiology, 17(8-9), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.589
2004 Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., Gower, S. T. (2004) A Global Relationship Between The Heterotrophic And Autotrophic Components Of Soil Respiration?, Global Change Biology, 10(10), 1756-1766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00816.x
2003 Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., Gower, S. T. (2003) Carbon Distribution Of A Well- And Poorly-Drained Black Spruce Fire Chronosequence, Global Change Biology, 9(7), 1066-1079. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00645.x

CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

CA-Man: Manitoba - Northern Old Black Spruce (former BOREAS Northern Study Area)

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 569m x 569m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
    Sep - Dec; 6pm - 6am
    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am