BADM Group Overview
BADM variables in this group are organized into subgroups as shown below. The overview highlights what variables are required per subgroup. It also indicates which variables cannot be specified together ( OR ) in the same group entry. Variables in "Applies to All" are included with all subgroups. See BADM Basics for more details.
Multiple entries of this BADM group can be reported per site. However, combinations of Ⓒ variables must be unique. Read more:
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Canopy Height |
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Understory Height |
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Applies to All |
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BADM variables: Definitions, Units, Requirements
See Overview tab or BADM Basics for explanation of Required and Optional variables.
Multiple entries of this BADM group can be reported per site. However, combinations of Ⓒ variables must be unique. Read more:
| Variable Requirements | Units | Description |
|---|---|---|
| HEIGHTC1-Required | m | Canopy height Height of the canopy. In a forest ecosystem, canopy height is the distribution of overstory trees that see light at the top of the canopy. Forest understory canopy height is reported in HEIGHTC_U. If overstory / understory distinction is necessary for non-forest ecosystems, describe details in Approach. |
| HEIGHTC_SPPⒸ 1-Optional-a | Scientific name | Canopy height species (taxa) Vegetation species being described by the measurement. To enter a plant species, use the scientific name (Genus species Author or Genus Author). Please refer to www.theplantlist.org for current scientific names and authors. If the measurement includes all vegetation present, do not enter a value. Do not use SPP if reporting VEGTYPE. |
| HEIGHTC_VEGTYPEⒸ 1-Optional-a | LIST(VEGTYPE) Show | Canopy height vegetation type Use the predefined list to indicate the type of vegetation being described by the measurement (e.g., Grass, Evergreen Tree, Deciduous Tree, etc). If the measurement includes all vegetation present, do not enter a value. If vegetation type is not in predfined list, enter "Other/Not in list" and describe briefly in Approach. Do not use VEGTYPE if reporting SPP. |
| HEIGHTC_STATISTICⒸ 1-Required | LIST(STATISTIC) Show | Canopy height statistic The statistic for the measurement reported. Use predefined list (e.g., mean, min / max, standard deviation, etc). |
| HEIGHTC_STATISTIC_METHODⒸ 1-Optional | LIST(STATISTIC_METHOD) Show | Canopy height statistic method Method used to generate the reported statistic (e.g., aggregate of individuals, aggregate of sample aggregates) from observations representing the same time period. Use predefined list. The aggregation method is not meant to describe temporal aggregations for example in calculations of higher frequency observations (e.g., sub-minute) to lower frequency observations (e.g., hourly) at a single location. |
| HEIGHTC_STATISTIC_NUMBER1-Optional | integer number | Number of observations used to determine canopy height statistic Number of observations (samples / replicates) used to calculate the STATISTIC for the reported measurement. |
| HEIGHTC_U2-Required | m | Understory canopy height Canopy height of the understory. Typically reported only for forest ecosystems. Describe how understory was determined in Approach. If HEIGHTC_U is reported for non-forest ecosystems, clearly describe ecosystem and methodological details in Approach. |
| HEIGHTC_U_SPPⒸ 2-Optional-b | Scientific name | Understory canopy height species (taxa) Vegetation species being described by the measurement. To enter a plant species, use the scientific name (Genus species Author or Genus Author). Please refer to www.theplantlist.org for current scientific names and authors. If the measurement includes all vegetation present, do not enter a value. Do not use SPP if reporting VEGTYPE. |
| HEIGHTC_U_VEGTYPEⒸ 2-Optional-b | LIST(VEGTYPE) Show | Understory canopy height vegetation type Use the predefined list to indicate the type of vegetation being described by the measurement (e.g., Grass, Evergreen Tree, Deciduous Tree, etc). If the measurement includes all vegetation present, do not enter a value. If vegetation type is not in predfined list, enter "Other/Not in list" and describe briefly in Approach. Do not use VEGTYPE if reporting SPP. |
| HEIGHTC_U_STATISTICⒸ 2-Required | LIST(STATISTIC) Show | Understory canopy height statistic The statistic for the measurement reported. Use predefined list (e.g., mean, min / max, standard deviation, etc). |
| HEIGHTC_U_STATISTIC_METHODⒸ 2-Optional | LIST(STATISTIC_METHOD) Show | Understory canopy height statistic method Method used to generate the reported statistic (e.g., aggregate of individuals, aggregate of sample aggregates) from observations representing the same time period. Use predefined list. The aggregation method is not meant to describe temporal aggregations for example in calculations of higher frequency observations (e.g., sub-minute) to lower frequency observations (e.g., hourly) at a single location. |
| HEIGHTC_U_STATISTIC_NUMBER2-Optional | integer number | Number of observations used to determine understory canopy height statistic Number of observations (samples / replicates) used to calculate the STATISTIC for the reported measurement. |
| HEIGHTC_APPROACHOptional | free text | Canopy height measurement approach |
| HEIGHTC_DATEⒸ Required-c | YYYYMMDDHHMM | Canopy height measurement date Please report the date at the precision known. Allowed reporting precisions are YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYYMMDD, and YYYYMMDDHHMM. For measurements conducted during a campaign or for temporal averages, use DATE_START and DATE_END instead of DATE. |
| HEIGHTC_DATE_STARTⒸ Required-c | YYYYMMDDHHMM | Start date of canopy height measurment Start date of a measurement campaign or start date of a temporal average. Please report the date at the precision known. Allowed reporting precisions are YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYYMMDD, and YYYYMMDDHHMM. Do not use DATE_START if DATE is used. |
| HEIGHTC_DATE_ENDRequired | YYYYMMDDHHMM | End date of canopy height measurment End date of a measurement campaign or end date of a temporal average. Please report the date at the precision known. Allowed reporting precisions are YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYYMMDD, and YYYYMMDDHHMM. Do not use DATE_END if DATE is used. |
| HEIGHTC_DATE_UNCOptional | days | Uncertainty in the canopy height measurement date, start date, and/or end date If uncertainty in the start date differs than end date, report the uncertainty for start date here in DATE_UNC and the uncertainty for end date in Comments. |
| HEIGHTC_COMMENTOptional | free text | Canopy height comments |
BADM Examples
Choose a variable marked with to show examples of how to submit and interpret these BADM. See BADM Basics for more details.
Combinations of Ⓒ variables must be unique. Read more: .
| Canopy Height |
| Understory Height |
| Applies to All |
HEIGHTC
Canopy height is important ancillary data that facilitates interpretation of flux observations.
BADM supports overstory and understory canopy heights for sites, like forests, that have distinct vegetation canopies.
Sites without distinct canopies should also use HEIGHTC.
SPP and VEGTYPE Variables
Many BADM subgroups and groups have SPP and VEGTYPE variables, like DBH_SPP and DBH_VEGTYPE.
Do not enter values for SPP and VEGTYPE variables together for the same observation, i.e., in the same row of your CSV file. SPP and VEGTYPE are mutually exclusive, optional variables. Read more at BADM Basics.
If an observations characterizes the site and is not specific to a single species or to a particular vegetation type, do not enter values for SPP or VEGTYPE:
However, if the observation characterizes a single species or a particular vegetation type, use SPP or VEGTYPE, like Evergreen Tree in the example below. Do not use both at the same time!
STATISTIC Variables
Many BADM groups have a required and several optional STATISTIC variables. Specific examples of their use are given after an overview the variables basics.
STATISTIC Basics
BADM typically describe site-level descriptions and observations. The STATISTIC variables allow for full characterization of the reported information if desired. BADM groups, such as canopy height, LAI, soil chemistry, phenology, and biomass, contain the following STATISTIC variables:
| var_STATISTIC Required | The type of value reported. Options: |
| var_STATISTIC_METHOD Optional | The method of aggregation used to generate the statistic. Options: Statistics generated by this approach may represent spatial characteristics of the measurement within the site (e.g., spatial heterogeneity) and/or characteristics due to other factors (e.g., population variability). Aggregate of sample aggregates Statistics generated by this approach are often used to highlight the spatial characteristics within the site (i.e., the spatial heterogeneity of measurement within the site). Expert estimate See the Examples for more details. |
| var_STATISTIC_NUMBER Optional | The number of observations used in calculating the statistic. |
STATISTIC Examples
Example 1: DBH calculated from a single sampling area
Example 2: DBH calculated from 8 plots
Example 3: DBH calculated from randomly selected trees within the site
Example 4: Biomass calculated from 8 plots each with 5 sub-plots
Example 5: Soil carbon calculated from replicate samples at 10 locations
Example 1: DBH calculated from a single sampling area
For DBH observations of individual trees in a single sample area at the site:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 2: DBH calculated from 8 plots
For DBH observations of individual trees in 8 sample plots at the site:
If the individual DBH observations are first aggregated at the plot level and then the plot values are are used to calculate the site-level STATISTICs to highlight spatial variability:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 8
If the individual DBH observations are aggregated across all plots to calculate the site-level STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 3: DBH calculated from randomly selected trees within the site
For DBH observations of individual trees randomly selected at the site:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 4: Biomass calculated from 8 plots each with 5 sub-plots
For Biomass observations collected from 5 sub-plots located in each of 8 sample plots at the site:
In many cases, the sub-plot biomass observations are first aggregated at the plot level. Then the plot values are are used to calculate the site-level STATISTICs:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 8
If pseudo-replication or spatial autocorrelation is not an issue, the sub-plot observations may be aggregated across all plots to calculate the site-level STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 40
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 5: Soil carbon calculated from replicate samples at 10 locations
For replicate soil carbon observations at 10 randomly-selected points within the site:
To calculate Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, and Standard Deviation, the replicates at each location should first be averaged. Then the average values at each location can be used to calculate the STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 10
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
The average difference between the replicates can be used to estimate the Measurement Uncertainty:
STATISTIC = Measurement Uncertainty
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 10
SPP and VEGTYPE Variables
Many BADM subgroups and groups have SPP and VEGTYPE variables, like DBH_SPP and DBH_VEGTYPE.
Do not enter values for SPP and VEGTYPE variables together for the same observation, i.e., in the same row of your CSV file. SPP and VEGTYPE are mutually exclusive, optional variables. Read more at BADM Basics.
If an observations characterizes the site and is not specific to a single species or to a particular vegetation type, do not enter values for SPP or VEGTYPE:
However, if the observation characterizes a single species or a particular vegetation type, use SPP or VEGTYPE, like Evergreen Tree in the example below. Do not use both at the same time!
STATISTIC Variables
Many BADM groups have a required and several optional STATISTIC variables. Specific examples of their use are given after an overview the variables basics.
STATISTIC Basics
BADM typically describe site-level descriptions and observations. The STATISTIC variables allow for full characterization of the reported information if desired. BADM groups, such as canopy height, LAI, soil chemistry, phenology, and biomass, contain the following STATISTIC variables:
| var_STATISTIC Required | The type of value reported. Options: |
| var_STATISTIC_METHOD Optional | The method of aggregation used to generate the statistic. Options: Statistics generated by this approach may represent spatial characteristics of the measurement within the site (e.g., spatial heterogeneity) and/or characteristics due to other factors (e.g., population variability). Aggregate of sample aggregates Statistics generated by this approach are often used to highlight the spatial characteristics within the site (i.e., the spatial heterogeneity of measurement within the site). Expert estimate See the Examples for more details. |
| var_STATISTIC_NUMBER Optional | The number of observations used in calculating the statistic. |
STATISTIC Examples
Example 1: DBH calculated from a single sampling area
Example 2: DBH calculated from 8 plots
Example 3: DBH calculated from randomly selected trees within the site
Example 4: Biomass calculated from 8 plots each with 5 sub-plots
Example 5: Soil carbon calculated from replicate samples at 10 locations
Example 1: DBH calculated from a single sampling area
For DBH observations of individual trees in a single sample area at the site:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 2: DBH calculated from 8 plots
For DBH observations of individual trees in 8 sample plots at the site:
If the individual DBH observations are first aggregated at the plot level and then the plot values are are used to calculate the site-level STATISTICs to highlight spatial variability:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 8
If the individual DBH observations are aggregated across all plots to calculate the site-level STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 3: DBH calculated from randomly selected trees within the site
For DBH observations of individual trees randomly selected at the site:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = # of individual samples
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 4: Biomass calculated from 8 plots each with 5 sub-plots
For Biomass observations collected from 5 sub-plots located in each of 8 sample plots at the site:
In many cases, the sub-plot biomass observations are first aggregated at the plot level. Then the plot values are are used to calculate the site-level STATISTICs:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 8
If pseudo-replication or spatial autocorrelation is not an issue, the sub-plot observations may be aggregated across all plots to calculate the site-level STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 40
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
Example 5: Soil carbon calculated from replicate samples at 10 locations
For replicate soil carbon observations at 10 randomly-selected points within the site:
To calculate Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, and Standard Deviation, the replicates at each location should first be averaged. Then the average values at each location can be used to calculate the STATISTIC:
STATISTIC* = Mean, Minimum, Maximum, Percentiles, or Standard Deviation
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of sample aggregates
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 10
* Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles should only be calculated if the sample size is adequately large.
The average difference between the replicates can be used to estimate the Measurement Uncertainty:
STATISTIC = Measurement Uncertainty
STATISTIC_METHOD = Aggregate of individual observations
STATISTIC_NUMBER = 10
DATE Variables
Many groups have several DATE Variables that can be used to describe the time period that the metadata or ancillary data represents.
Dates should be entered at the precision known and most suitable to the observation. Supported precision include year, month, day, and minute in ISO formats: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYYMMDD, YYYYMMDDHHMM.
DATE or DATE_START / DATE_END
Either a single DATE or a DATE_START / DATE_END pair is required. Do not enter both for the same observation.
- Use DATE when the observation represents a single point in time. Typical resolutions used are a year, month, or day: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYYMMDD.
- Use DATE_START / DATE_END when the observation represents a period of time. Start and end dates are often used when observations are collected as part of a campaign. Typically resolution is reported with day (YYYYMMDD), but month is also common (YYYYMM).
Notes:
- Do not enter DATE and DATE_START for the same observation. See “Mutually-exclusive variables cannot be submitted together” on BADM Basics: Key Concepts.
- Within a BADM group (e.g., HEIGHTC), different observations cannot be reported for the same DATE and DATE_START. See “Rules for unique variable combinations Ⓒ” on BADM Basics: Key Concepts.
- DATE_END must be reported if DATE_START is reported.
DATE_UNC
Uncertainty in the DATE or DATE_START / DATE_END is an optional variable that can also be reported.
Date uncertainty is most commonly reported when the single DATE variable is used.
Report a date uncertainty that is commensurate with the DATE or DATE_START / DATE_END reported. For example if a day is reported for the DATE, date uncertainty should be on the order of days rather than months or years. If a year is reported for the DATE, date uncertainty should be greater than a year.
Customize and Download CSV for BADM Submission
Select variables from one or more subgroups to form a complete group. At a minimum, the required variables from the “Applies to All” subgroup must be included in every group. After selecting your desired variables, download the customized CSV file for submission of BADM. For additional submission details, see BADM Submission Instructions.
Multiple entries of this BADM group can be reported per site. However, combinations of Ⓒ variables must be unique. Read more: . See BADM Basics for more details.
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Submit completed CSV file at Upload Data using the BADM option (login required).