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US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

Tower_team:
PI: Ankur Desai desai@aos.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
FluxContact: Jonathan Thom jthom@ssec.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
Lat, Long: 45.9459, -90.2723
Elevation(m): 470.00
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux
Vegetation IGBP: MF (Mixed Forests: Lands dominated by trees with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of tree communities with interspersed mixtures or mosaics of the other four forest types. None of the forest types exceeds 60% of landscape.)
Climate Koeppen: Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 4.33
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 823
Flux Species Measured: CO2, H, H2O, CH4
Years Data Collected: 1996 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 1995 - 2024   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
The flux footprint encompasses a highly heterogeneous landscape of upland forests and wetlands (forested and nonforested). The forests are mainly deciduous ...
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URL: http://flux.aos.wisc.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/ChEASData
Research Topics:
The research objectives of the 'Observations of carbon dioxide mixing ratios and surface exchange fluxes at WLEF' project include the following: 1) Examine ...
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Acknowledgment: —
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit: Bjorn Brooks, 04/01/2010
Copyright preference: As long as credit is given
Site Publication More Site Publications

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing US-PFa data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if US-PFa data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246090
    Citation: Ankur Desai (2024), AmeriFlux BASE US-PFa Park Falls/WLEF, Ver. 29-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246090

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

    —

Acknowledgments

    —

Resources

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

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Note: Results are the number of downloads to distinct data users. The Download Count column indicates the number of times the data user downloaded the data. The Version column refers to the version of the data product for the site that was downloaded by the data user.

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US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

Year Publication
2020 Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2014 Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2017 Xu, K., Metzger, S., Desai, A. R. (2017) Upscaling Tower-Observed Turbulent Exchange At Fine Spatio-Temporal Resolution Using Environmental Response Functions, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 232, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.019
2017 Jones, L. A., Kimball, J. S., Reichle, R. H., Madani, N., Glassy, J., Ardizzone, J. V., Ardizzone, J. V., Colliander, A., Cleverly, J., Desai, A. R., Eamus, D., Euskirchen, E. S., Hutley, L., Macfarlane, C., Scott, R. L. (2017) The Smap Level 4 Carbon Product For Monitoring Ecosystem Land–Atmosphere Co2exchange, Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing, 55(11), 6517-6532. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2729343
2018 Xu, K., Metzger, S., Desai, A. R. (2018) Surface-Atmosphere Exchange In A Box: Space-Time Resolved Storage And Net Vertical Fluxes From Tower-Based Eddy Covariance, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 255, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.011
2019 Donnelly, A., Yu, R., Liu, L., Hanes, J. M., Liang, L., Schwartz, M. D., Desai, A. R. (2019) Comparing In-Situ Leaf Observations In Early Spring With Flux Tower Co2 Exchange, Modis Evi And Modeled Lai In A Northern Mixed Forest, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 278, 107673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107673
2019 Knox, S. H., Jackson, R. B., Poulter, B., McNicol, G., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Zhang, Z., Hugelius, G., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Saunois, M., Papale, D., Chu, H., Keenan, T. F., Baldocchi, D., Torn, M. S., Mammarella, I., Trotta, C., Aurela, M., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D. I., Cescatti, A., Chamberlain, S., Chen, J., Chen, W., Dengel, S., Desai, A. R., Euskirchen, E., Friborg, T., Gasbarra, D., Goded, I., Goeckede, M., Heimann, M., Helbig, M., Hirano, T., Hollinger, D. Y., Iwata, H., Kang, M., Klatt, J., Krauss, K. W., Kutzbach, L., Lohila, A., Mitra, B., Morin, T. H., Nilsson, M. B., Niu, S., Noormets, A., Oechel, W. C., Peichl, M., Peltola, O., Reba, M. L., Richardson, A. D., Runkle, B. R., Ryu, Y., Sachs, T., Schäfer, K. V., Schmid, H. P., Shurpali, N., Sonnentag, O., Tang, A. C., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Vesala, T., Ward, E. J., Windham-Myers, L., Wohlfahrt, G., Zona, D. (2019) Fluxnet-Ch4 Synthesis Activity: Objectives, Observations, And Future Directions, Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, . https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0268.1
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019 Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2018 Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2006 Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., Wofsy, S. C. (2006) A Multi-Site Analysis Of Random Error In Tower-Based Measurements Of Carbon And Energy Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 136(1-2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007
2003 Scott Denning, A., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated Variations In Atmospheric CO2 Over A Wisconsin Forest Using A Coupled Ecosystem-Atmosphere Model, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00613.x
2004 Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Heilman, W. (2004) Carbon Exchange And Venting Anomalies In An Upland Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, USA, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 126(3-4), 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008
2015 Desai, A. R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A. E., Cook, B. D., King, J. Y., Kolka, R. (2015) Landscape-Level Terrestrial Methane Flux Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 201, 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017
2014 Andrews, A.E., Kofler, J.D., Trudeau, M.E., Williams, J.C., Neff, D.H., Masarie, K.A., Chao, D.Y., Kitzis, D.R., Novelli, P.C., Zhao, C.L., Dlugokencky, E.J., Lang, P.M., Crotwell, M.J., Fischer, M.L., Parker, M.J., Lee, J.T., Baumann, D.D., Desai, A.R., Stanier, C.O., de Wekker, S.F.J., Wolfe, D.E., Munger, J.W., Tans, P.P. (2014) CO2, CO, And CH4 Measurements From Tall Towers In The NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network: Instrumentation, Uncertainty Analysis, And Recommendations For Future High-Accuracy Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Efforts, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 7(2), 647-687. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-647-2014
2014 Pressel, K. G., Collins, W. D., Desai, A. R. (2014) The Spatial Scale Dependence Of Water Vapor Variability Inferred From Observations From A Very Tall Tower, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(16), 9822-9837. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021141
2010 Desai, A.R. (2010) Climatic And Phenological Controls On Coherent Regional Interannual Variability Of Carbon Dioxide Flux In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 115(G00J02), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001423
2004 Hurwitz, M. D., Ricciuto, D. M., Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Yi, C., Butler, M. P. (2004) Transport Of Carbon Dioxide In The Presence Of Storm Systems Over A Northern Wisconsin Forest, Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 61(5), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0607:TOCDIT>2.0.CO;2
2003 Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M., Isebrands, J. G. (2003) The Annual Cycles Of CO2 And H2O Exchange Over A Northern Mixed Forest As Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1278-1293. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x
2003 Werner, C., Davis, K., Bakwin, P., Yi, C., Hurst, D., Lock, L. (2003) Regional-Scale Measurements Of CH4 Exchange From A Tall Tower Over A Mixed Temperate/Boreal Lowland And Wetland Forest, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1251-1261. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00670.x
2012 (2012) The Imprint Of Surface Fluxes And Transport On Variations In Total Column Carbon Dioxide, Biogeosciences, 9(3), 875-891. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-875-2012
2015 Petrescu, A. M., Lohila, A., Tuovinen, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Desai, A. R., Roulet, N. T., Vesala, T., Dolman, A. J., Oechel, W. C., Marcolla, B., Friborg, T., Rinne, J., Matthes, J. H., Merbold, L., Meijide, A., Kiely, G., Sottocornola, M., Sachs, T., Zona, D., Varlagin, A., Lai, D. Y., Veenendaal, E., Parmentier, F. W., Skiba, U., Lund, M., Hensen, A., van Huissteden, J., Flanagan, L. B., Shurpali, N. J., Grünwald, T., Humphreys, E. R., Jackowicz-Korczyński, M., Aurela, M. A., Laurila, T., Grüning, C., Corradi, C. A., Schrier-Uijl, A. P., Christensen, T. R., Tamstorf, M. P., Mastepanov, M., Martikainen, P. J., Verma, S. B., Bernhofer, C., Cescatti, A. (2015) The Uncertain Climate Footprint Of Wetlands Under Human Pressure, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 112(15), 4594-4599. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416267112
2011 Vasys, V. N., Desai, A. R., McKinley, G. A., Bennington, V., Michalak, A. M., Andrews, A. E. (2011) The Influence Of Carbon Exchange Of A Large Lake On Regional Tracer-Transport Inversions: Results From Lake Superior, Environmental Research Letters, 6(3), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034016
2004 Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z. (2004) Regional Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From Mixing Ratio Data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v56i4.16446
2002 Mackay, D. S., Ahl, D. E., Ewers, B. E., Gower, S. T., Burrows, S. N., Samanta, S., Davis, K. J. (2002) Effects Of Aggregated Classifications Of Forest Composition On Estimates Of Evapotranspiration In A Northern Wisconsin Forest, Global Change Biology, 8(12), 1253-1265. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00554.x
2007 Desai, A.R., Moorcroft, P.R., Bolstad, P.V., and Davis, K.J. (2007) Regional Carbon Fluxes From An Observationally Constrained Dynamic Ecosystem Model: Impacts Of Disturbance, CO2 Fertilization, And Heterogeneous Land Cover, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 112(G1), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000264
2010 Desai, A. R., Helliker, B. R., Moorcroft, P. R., Andrews, A. E., Berry, J. A. (2010) Climatic Controls Of Interannual Variability In Regional Carbon Fluxes From Top-Down And Bottom-Up Perspectives, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115(G2), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001122
2008 Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., Wang, W. (2008) Influence Of Vegetation And Seasonal Forcing On Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Across The Upper Midwest, Usa: Implications For Regional Scaling, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001
2001 Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Bakwin, P. S., Zhao, C. L. (2001) Long-Term Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From A Very Tall Tower In A Northern Forest: Flux Measurement Methodology, Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology, 18(4), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0529:LTCDFF>2.0.CO;2
2004 Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Denning, A. S., Zhang, N., Desai, A., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C. (2004) Observed Covariance Between Ecosystem Carbon Exchange And Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics At A Site In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D8), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004164
2004 Yi, C., Li, R., Bakwin, P. S., Desai, A., Ricciuto, D. M., Burns, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Wilson, K., Monson, R. K. (2004) A Nonparametric Method For Separating Photosynthesis And Respiration Components In CO2 Flux Measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(17), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020490
2001 Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Berger, B. W., Bakwin, P. S. (2001) Long-Term Observations Of The Dynamics Of The Continental Planetary Boundary Layer, Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 58(10), 1288-1299. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1288:LTOOTD>2.0.CO;2
2014 Desai, A. R. (2014) Influence And Predictive Capacity Of Climate Anomalies On Daily To Decadal Extremes In Canopy Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis Research, 119(1-2), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9925-z
2003 Baker, I., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Uliasz, M., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated And Observed Fluxes Of Sensible And Latent Heat And CO2 At The WLEF-TV Tower Using SiB2.5, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1262-1277. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x
2016 Zscheischler, J., Fatichi, S., Wolf, S., Blanken, P., Bohrer, G., Clark, K., Desai, A., Hollinger, D., Keenan, T., Novick, K.A., Seneviratne, S.I. (2016) Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 121(8), 2186-2198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003503
2016 Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113
2015 Desai, A.R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A.E., Cook, B.D., King, J.Y., Kolka, R. (2015) Landscape-level terrestrial methane flux observed from a very tall tower, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 201, 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 706m x 706m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
    Sep - Dec; 6pm - 6am
    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am