US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

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Tower_team:
PI:	Ankur Desai desai@aos.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
FluxContact:	Jonathan Thom jthom@ssec.wisc.edu - University of Wisconsin
Lat, Long:	45.9459, -90.2723
Elevation(m):	470.00
Network Affiliations:	AmeriFlux
Vegetation IGBP:	MF (Mixed Forests: Lands dominated by trees with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of tree communities with interspersed mixtures or mosaics of the other four forest types. None of the forest types exceeds 60% of landscape.)
Climate Koeppen:	Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C):	4.33
Mean Annual Precip. (mm):	823
Flux Species Measured:	CO2, H, H2O, CH4
Years Data Collected:	1996 - Present
Years Data Available:	AmeriFlux BASE 1995 - 2024 Data Citation
Data Use Policy:	AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy¹
Description:	The flux footprint encompasses a highly heterogeneous landscape of upland forests and wetlands (forested and nonforested). The forests are mainly deciduous ... The flux footprint encompasses a highly heterogeneous landscape of upland forests and wetlands (forested and nonforested). The forests are mainly deciduous but also include substantial coniferous coverage. The upland/lowland variability occurs on spatial scales of a few hundred meters. This heterogeneous landscape is further complicated by a nonuniform, small scale mosaic of thinning and clearcutting of the forest. At larger scales (1 km or greater) the forest cover mosaic is quite homogeneous for many kilometers. The site was chosen not for study of a simple stand, but for upscaling experiments. The daytime fetch of flux measurements from the 396m level is on the order of 5-10 km, yielding a flux footprint roughly 100x the area of a typical stand-level flux tower. AC power (tower is a TV transmitter). See More Show Less
URL:	http://flux.aos.wisc.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/ChEASData
Research Topics:	The research objectives of the 'Observations of carbon dioxide mixing ratios and surface exchange fluxes at WLEF' project include the following: 1) Examine ... The research objectives of the 'Observations of carbon dioxide mixing ratios and surface exchange fluxes at WLEF' project include the following: 1) Examine the annual carbon balance of the forest on a large scale (several square kilometers); 2) Determine which environmental variables are most important in setting the net carbon balance on seasonal and annual time scales; 3) Examine the role of PBL dynamics in carbon exchange and the influence of carbon dioxide mixing ratios near the surface; 4) Quantify the PBL-free troposphere exchange; 5) Determine the mixing ratios of carbon dioxide obtained at up to 500 m height on towers can best be used, in combination with data from other existing sites and from aircraft, to constrain the terrestrial carbon balance on regional and global scales; 6) Examine how anthropogenic pollution can influence the regional mixing ratios and variability of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases. (Project description by Peter S. Bakwin available at http://cheas.psu.edu/projects/WLEFflux). In addition, the usage of multiple-level flux measurements, examine systematic errors in our estimates of NEE of CO2, and in the joint evaluation of the seasonal cycles of both NEE of CO2 and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) CO2 mixing ratio (Davis et al. 2003). See More Show Less
Acknowledgment:	—

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Image Credit: Bjorn Brooks, 04/01/2010
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Site Publication More Site Publications

Year	Publication
2020	Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019	Knox, S. H., Jackson, R. B., Poulter, B., McNicol, G., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Zhang, Z., Hugelius, G., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Saunois, M., Papale, D., Chu, H., Keenan, T. F., Baldocchi, D., Torn, M. S., Mammarella, I., Trotta, C., Aurela, M., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D. I., Cescatti, A., Chamberlain, S., Chen, J., Chen, W., Dengel, S., Desai, A. R., Euskirchen, E., Friborg, T., Gasbarra, D., Goded, I., Goeckede, M., Heimann, M., Helbig, M., Hirano, T., Hollinger, D. Y., Iwata, H., Kang, M., Klatt, J., Krauss, K. W., Kutzbach, L., Lohila, A., Mitra, B., Morin, T. H., Nilsson, M. B., Niu, S., Noormets, A., Oechel, W. C., Peichl, M., Peltola, O., Reba, M. L., Richardson, A. D., Runkle, B. R., Ryu, Y., Sachs, T., Schäfer, K. V., Schmid, H. P., Shurpali, N., Sonnentag, O., Tang, A. C., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Vesala, T., Ward, E. J., Windham-Myers, L., Wohlfahrt, G., Zona, D. (2019) Fluxnet-Ch4 Synthesis Activity: Objectives, Observations, And Future Directions, Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, . https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0268.1
2019	Donnelly, A., Yu, R., Liu, L., Hanes, J. M., Liang, L., Schwartz, M. D., Desai, A. R. (2019) Comparing In-Situ Leaf Observations In Early Spring With Flux Tower Co2 Exchange, Modis Evi And Modeled Lai In A Northern Mixed Forest, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 278, 107673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107673
2018	Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2018	Xu, K., Metzger, S., Desai, A. R. (2018) Surface-Atmosphere Exchange In A Box: Space-Time Resolved Storage And Net Vertical Fluxes From Tower-Based Eddy Covariance, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 255, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.011
2017	Jones, L. A., Kimball, J. S., Reichle, R. H., Madani, N., Glassy, J., Ardizzone, J. V., Ardizzone, J. V., Colliander, A., Cleverly, J., Desai, A. R., Eamus, D., Euskirchen, E. S., Hutley, L., Macfarlane, C., Scott, R. L. (2017) The Smap Level 4 Carbon Product For Monitoring Ecosystem Land–Atmosphere Co2exchange, Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing, 55(11), 6517-6532. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2729343
2017	Xu, K., Metzger, S., Desai, A. R. (2017) Upscaling Tower-Observed Turbulent Exchange At Fine Spatio-Temporal Resolution Using Environmental Response Functions, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 232, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.019
2016	Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113
2016	Zscheischler, J., Fatichi, S., Wolf, S., Blanken, P., Bohrer, G., Clark, K., Desai, A., Hollinger, D., Keenan, T., Novick, K.A., Seneviratne, S.I. (2016) Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 121(8), 2186-2198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003503
2015	Desai, A.R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A.E., Cook, B.D., King, J.Y., Kolka, R. (2015) Landscape-level terrestrial methane flux observed from a very tall tower, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 201, 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017
2015	Petrescu, A. M., Lohila, A., Tuovinen, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Desai, A. R., Roulet, N. T., Vesala, T., Dolman, A. J., Oechel, W. C., Marcolla, B., Friborg, T., Rinne, J., Matthes, J. H., Merbold, L., Meijide, A., Kiely, G., Sottocornola, M., Sachs, T., Zona, D., Varlagin, A., Lai, D. Y., Veenendaal, E., Parmentier, F. W., Skiba, U., Lund, M., Hensen, A., van Huissteden, J., Flanagan, L. B., Shurpali, N. J., Grünwald, T., Humphreys, E. R., Jackowicz-Korczyński, M., Aurela, M. A., Laurila, T., Grüning, C., Corradi, C. A., Schrier-Uijl, A. P., Christensen, T. R., Tamstorf, M. P., Mastepanov, M., Martikainen, P. J., Verma, S. B., Bernhofer, C., Cescatti, A. (2015) The Uncertain Climate Footprint Of Wetlands Under Human Pressure, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 112(15), 4594-4599. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416267112
2015	Desai, A. R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A. E., Cook, B. D., King, J. Y., Kolka, R. (2015) Landscape-Level Terrestrial Methane Flux Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 201, 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017
2014	Desai, A. R. (2014) Influence And Predictive Capacity Of Climate Anomalies On Daily To Decadal Extremes In Canopy Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis Research, 119(1-2), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9925-z
2014	Pressel, K. G., Collins, W. D., Desai, A. R. (2014) The Spatial Scale Dependence Of Water Vapor Variability Inferred From Observations From A Very Tall Tower, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(16), 9822-9837. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021141
2014	Andrews, A.E., Kofler, J.D., Trudeau, M.E., Williams, J.C., Neff, D.H., Masarie, K.A., Chao, D.Y., Kitzis, D.R., Novelli, P.C., Zhao, C.L., Dlugokencky, E.J., Lang, P.M., Crotwell, M.J., Fischer, M.L., Parker, M.J., Lee, J.T., Baumann, D.D., Desai, A.R., Stanier, C.O., de Wekker, S.F.J., Wolfe, D.E., Munger, J.W., Tans, P.P. (2014) CO2, CO, And CH4 Measurements From Tall Towers In The NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network: Instrumentation, Uncertainty Analysis, And Recommendations For Future High-Accuracy Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Efforts, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 7(2), 647-687. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-647-2014
2014	Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2012	(2012) The Imprint Of Surface Fluxes And Transport On Variations In Total Column Carbon Dioxide, Biogeosciences, 9(3), 875-891. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-875-2012
2011	Vasys, V. N., Desai, A. R., McKinley, G. A., Bennington, V., Michalak, A. M., Andrews, A. E. (2011) The Influence Of Carbon Exchange Of A Large Lake On Regional Tracer-Transport Inversions: Results From Lake Superior, Environmental Research Letters, 6(3), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034016
2010	Desai, A. R., Helliker, B. R., Moorcroft, P. R., Andrews, A. E., Berry, J. A. (2010) Climatic Controls Of Interannual Variability In Regional Carbon Fluxes From Top-Down And Bottom-Up Perspectives, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115(G2), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001122
2010	Desai, A.R. (2010) Climatic And Phenological Controls On Coherent Regional Interannual Variability Of Carbon Dioxide Flux In A Heterogeneous Landscape, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 115(G00J02), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001423
2008	Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., Wang, W. (2008) Influence Of Vegetation And Seasonal Forcing On Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Across The Upper Midwest, Usa: Implications For Regional Scaling, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001
2007	Desai, A.R., Moorcroft, P.R., Bolstad, P.V., and Davis, K.J. (2007) Regional Carbon Fluxes From An Observationally Constrained Dynamic Ecosystem Model: Impacts Of Disturbance, CO2 Fertilization, And Heterogeneous Land Cover, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 112(G1), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000264
2006	Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., Wofsy, S. C. (2006) A Multi-Site Analysis Of Random Error In Tower-Based Measurements Of Carbon And Energy Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 136(1-2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007
2004	Yi, C., Li, R., Bakwin, P. S., Desai, A., Ricciuto, D. M., Burns, S. P., Turnipseed, A. A., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Wilson, K., Monson, R. K. (2004) A Nonparametric Method For Separating Photosynthesis And Respiration Components In CO2 Flux Measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(17), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020490
2004	Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Denning, A. S., Zhang, N., Desai, A., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C. (2004) Observed Covariance Between Ecosystem Carbon Exchange And Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics At A Site In Northern Wisconsin, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D8), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004164
2004	Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z. (2004) Regional Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From Mixing Ratio Data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(4), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v56i4.16446
2004	Hurwitz, M. D., Ricciuto, D. M., Bakwin, P. S., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Yi, C., Butler, M. P. (2004) Transport Of Carbon Dioxide In The Presence Of Storm Systems Over A Northern Wisconsin Forest, Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 61(5), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0607:TOCDIT>2.0.CO;2
2004	Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Heilman, W. (2004) Carbon Exchange And Venting Anomalies In An Upland Deciduous Forest In Northern Wisconsin, USA, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 126(3-4), 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008
2003	Baker, I., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Uliasz, M., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated And Observed Fluxes Of Sensible And Latent Heat And CO2 At The WLEF-TV Tower Using SiB2.5, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1262-1277. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x
2003	Werner, C., Davis, K., Bakwin, P., Yi, C., Hurst, D., Lock, L. (2003) Regional-Scale Measurements Of CH4 Exchange From A Tall Tower Over A Mixed Temperate/Boreal Lowland And Wetland Forest, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1251-1261. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00670.x
2003	Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M., Isebrands, J. G. (2003) The Annual Cycles Of CO2 And H2O Exchange Over A Northern Mixed Forest As Observed From A Very Tall Tower, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1278-1293. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x
2003	Scott Denning, A., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P., Davis, K., Bakwin, P. (2003) Simulated Variations In Atmospheric CO2 Over A Wisconsin Forest Using A Coupled Ecosystem-Atmosphere Model, Global Change Biology, 9(9), 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00613.x
2002	Mackay, D. S., Ahl, D. E., Ewers, B. E., Gower, S. T., Burrows, S. N., Samanta, S., Davis, K. J. (2002) Effects Of Aggregated Classifications Of Forest Composition On Estimates Of Evapotranspiration In A Northern Wisconsin Forest, Global Change Biology, 8(12), 1253-1265. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00554.x
2001	Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Berger, B. W., Bakwin, P. S. (2001) Long-Term Observations Of The Dynamics Of The Continental Planetary Boundary Layer, Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 58(10), 1288-1299. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1288:LTOOTD>2.0.CO;2
2001	Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J., Yi, C., Bakwin, P. S., Zhao, C. L. (2001) Long-Term Carbon Dioxide Fluxes From A Very Tall Tower In A Northern Forest: Flux Measurement Methodology, Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology, 18(4), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0529:LTCDFF>2.0.CO;2

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

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US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

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US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

WLEF Tower

US-PFa: Park Falls/WLEF

MODIS NDVI

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NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NIRv Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation

DSR: Surface downward shortwave radiation

LST: Land Surface Temperature

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