US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

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BADM

Tower_team:
PI:	Kim Novick knovick@indiana.edu - Indiana University
PI:	Rich Phillips rpp6@indiana.edu - Indiana University
BADMContact:	Mike Voyles mpvoyles@indiana.edu - Indiana University
Technician:	Steven Scott stlscott@indiana.edu - Indiana University
Lat, Long:	39.3232, -86.4131
Elevation(m):	275
Network Affiliations:	AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP:	DBF (Deciduous Broadleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of broadleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods.)
Climate Koeppen:	Cfa (Humid Subtropical: mild with no dry season, hot summer)
Mean Annual Temp (°C):	10.85
Mean Annual Precip. (mm):	1032
Flux Species Measured:	CO2, H, H2O
Years Data Collected:	1999 - Present
Years Data Available:	AmeriFlux BASE 1999 - 2024 Data Citation AmeriFlux FLUXNET 1999 - 2020 Data Citation
Data Use Policy:	AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy¹
Description:	Owned by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), the Morgan Monroe State Forest, the site's namesake, is operated thanks to the long-term agreement ... Owned by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), the Morgan Monroe State Forest, the site's namesake, is operated thanks to the long-term agreement between Indiana University and IDNR. The first settlers cleared the surrounding ridges for farming, but were largely unsuccessful. The state of Indiana purchased the land in 1929, creating the Morgan Monroe State Forest. Many of the trees in the tower footprint are 60-80 years old, surviving selective logging that ended over the past 10 years. Today, the forest is a secondary successional broadleaf forest within the maple-beech to oak hickory transition zone of the eastern deciduous forest. See More Show Less
URL:	http://www.indiana.edu/~co2/
Research Topics:	1) Measure current CO2 fluxes and atmospheric controls for a deciduous forest ecosystem in the Midwest. 2) Develop, evaluate, and assess methods to scale-up ... 1) Measure current CO2 fluxes and atmospheric controls for a deciduous forest ecosystem in the Midwest. 2) Develop, evaluate, and assess methods to scale-up from point measurements of fluxes to regional budgets. See More Show Less
Acknowledgment:	AmeriFlux Management Project

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US-MMS

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US-MMS flux tower, photo by Steve Scott.

Image Credit: Steve Scott, 09/19/2014
Copyright preference: Open use

Site Publication More Site Publications

Roman, D. T., Novick, K. A., Brzostek, E. R., Dragoni, D., Rahman, F., Phillips, R. P. 2015. The Role Of Isohydric And Anisohydric Species In Determining Ecosystem-Scale Response To Severe Drought, Oecologia, 179:3, 641-654.

Year	Publication
2022	Teets, A., Moore, D. J., Alexander, M. R., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Burns, S. P., Carbone, M. S., Ducey, M. J., Fraver, S., Gough, C. M., Hollinger, D. Y., Koch, G., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K. A., Ollinger, S. V., Ouimette, A. P., Pederson, N., Ricciuto, D. M., Seyednasrollah, B., Vogel, C. S., Richardson, A. D. (2022) Coupling Of Tree Growth And Photosynthetic Carbon Uptake Across Six North American Forests, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(4), . https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006690
2021	Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2020	Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2020	Zhang, Q., Barnes, M., Benson, M., Burakowski, E., Oishi, A. C., Ouimette, A., Sanders‐DeMott, R., Stoy, P. C., Wenzel, M., Xiong, L., Yi, K., Novick, K. A. (2020) Reforestation And Surface Cooling In Temperate Zones: Mechanisms And Implications, Global Change Biology, 26(6), 3384-3401. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15069
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Cook, D. R., Ghate, V. P., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness And Bias Reduction Of Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals Via Use Of In Situ Meteorology And Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004744
2019	Sullivan, R. C., Kotamarthi, V. R., Feng, Y. (2019) Recovering Evapotranspiration Trends From Biased CMIP5 Simulations And Sensitivity To Changing Climate Over North America, Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 20(8), 1619-1633. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0259.1
2019	Guerrieri, R., Belmecheri, S., Ollinger, S. V., Asbjornsen, H., Jennings, K., Xiao, J., Stocker, B. D., Martin, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Bracho-Garrillo, R., Clark, K., Dore, S., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K., Richardson, A. D. (2019) Disentangling The Role Of Photosynthesis And Stomatal Conductance On Rising Forest Water-Use Efficiency, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 116(34), 16909-16914. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905912116
2019	Yi, K., Maxwell, J. T., Wenzel, M. K., Roman, D. T., Sauer, P. E., Phillips, R. P., Novick, K. A. (2019) Linking Variation In Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency To Isohydricity: A Comparison At Multiple Spatiotemporal Scales, New Phytologist, 221(1), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15384
2019	Zhang, Q., Ficklin, D. L., Manzoni, S., Wang, L., Way, D., Phillips, R. P., Novick, K. A. (2019) Response Of Ecosystem Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency And Gross Primary Productivity To Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit, Environmental Research Letters, 14(7), 074023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2603
2019	Kannenberg, S. A., Novick, K. A., Alexander, M. R., Maxwell, J. T., Moore, D. J., Phillips, R. P., Anderegg, W. R. (2019) Linking Drought Legacy Effects Across Scales: From Leaves To Tree Rings To Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 25(9), 2978-2992. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14710
2019	Novick, K. A., Konings, A. G., Gentine, P. (2019) Beyond Soil Water Potential: An Expanded View On Isohydricity Including Land–Atmosphere Interactions And Phenology, Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1802-1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13517
2018	Zhang, Q., Phillips, R. P., Manzoni, S., Scott, R. L., Oishi, A. C., Finzi, A., Daly, E., Vargas, R., Novick, K. A. (2018) Changes In Photosynthesis And Soil Moisture Drive The Seasonal Soil Respiration-Temperature Hysteresis Relationship, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 259, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.005
2018	Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., Poindexter, C., Abraha, M., Desai, A. R., Bohrer, G., Arain, M. A., Griffis, T., Blanken, P. D., O'Halloran, T. L., Thomas, R. Q., Zhang, Q., Burns, S. P., Frank, J. M., Christian, D., Brown, S., Black, T. A., Gough, C. M., Law, B. E., Lee, X., Chen, J., Reed, D. E., Massman, W. J., Clark, K., Hatfield, J., Prueger, J., Bracho, R., Baker, J. M., Martin, T. A. (2018) Temporal Dynamics Of Aerodynamic Canopy Height Derived From Eddy Covariance Momentum Flux Data Across North American Flux Networks, Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 9275–9287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079306
2018	Baldocchi, D., Penuelas, J. (2018) The Physics And Ecology Of Mining Carbon Dioxide From The Atmosphere By Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559
2017	Yi, K., Dragoni, D., Phillips, R. P., Roman, D. T., Novick, K. A. (2017) Dynamics Of Stem Water Uptake Among Isohydric And Anisohydric Species Experiencing A Severe Drought, Tree Physiology, . https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw126
2017	Yi, K., Dragoni, D., Phillips, R. P., Roman, D. T., Novick, K. A. (2017) Dynamics Of Stem Water Uptake Among Isohydric And Anisohydric Species Experiencing A Severe Drought, Tree Physiology, . https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw126
2016	Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113
2016	Zscheischler, J., Fatichi, S., Wolf, S., Blanken, P., Bohrer, G., Clark, K., Desai, A., Hollinger, D., Keenan, T., Novick, K.A., Seneviratne, S.I. (2016) Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 121(8), 2186-2198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003503
2016	Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N., Scott, R. L., Wang, L., Phillips, R. P. (2016) The Increasing Importance Of Atmospheric Demand For Ecosystem Water And Carbon Fluxes, Nature Climate Change, 6(11), 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114
2016	Sulman, B.N., Roman, D.T., Yi, K., Wang, L., Phillips, R.P. and Novick, K.A (2016) High atmospheric demand for water can limit forest carbon uptake and transpiration as severely as dry soil., Geophysical Research Letters, 43(18), 9686-9695.
2016	Sulman, B.N., Roman, D.T., Scanlon, T.M., Wang, L. and Novick, K.A (2016) Comparing methods for partitioning a decade of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes in a temperate fores, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 226-227, 229-245.
2015	Dennis Baldocchi, Cove Sturtevant (2015) Does day and night sampling reduce spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration?, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 207, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.010
2015	Yue, X., Unger, N., Keenan, T. F., Zhang, X., Vogel, C. S. (2015) Probing The Past 30-Year Phenology Trend Of Us Deciduous Forests, Biogeosciences, 12(15), 4693-4709. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4693-2015
2015	Toomey, M., Friedl, M. A., Frolking, S., Hufkens, K., Klosterman, S., Sonnentag, O., Baldocchi, D. D., Bernacchi, C. J., Biraud, S. C., Bohrer, G., Brzostek, E., Burns, S. P., Coursolle, C., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Pallardy, S., Phillips, R. P., Torn, M. S., Wharton, S., Zeri, M., Richardson, A. D. (2015) Greenness Indices From Digital Cameras Predict The Timing And Seasonal Dynamics Of Canopy-Scale Photosynthesis, Ecological Applications, 25(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1890/14-0005.1
2015	Roman, D. T., Novick, K. A., Brzostek, E. R., Dragoni, D., Rahman, F., Phillips, R. P. (2015) The Role Of Isohydric And Anisohydric Species In Determining Ecosystem-Scale Response To Severe Drought, Oecologia, 179(3), 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3380-9
2014	Brzostek, E.R., Dragoni, D., Schmid, H.P., Rahman, A.F., Wayson, C.A., Johnson, D.J., Phillips, R.P. (2014) Chronic water stress reduces tree growth and the carbon sink of deciduous hardwood forests, Global Change Biology, 8, 2531-2539. https://doi.org/10.1011
2014	Sims, D.A., Brzostek, E.R., Dragoni, D., Rahman, A.F., Phillips, R.P. (2014) An improved approach for remotely sensing water stress impacts on forest C uptake, Global Change Biology, 20(9), 2856-2866. https://doi.org/10.1111
2014	Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2013	Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2013	Barr, A., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Papale, D., Arain, M., Black, T., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M., Gu, L., Law, B., Margolis, H., McCaughey, J., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Schaeffer, K. (2013) Use Of Change-Point Detection For Friction–Velocity Threshold Evaluation In Eddy-Covariance Studies, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.023
2012	Richardson, A. D., Anderson, R. S., Arain, M. A., Barr, A. G., Bohrer, G., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Dragoni, D., Garrity, S. R., Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Migliavacca, M., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Poulter, B., Raczka, B. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Sahoo, A. K., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Xiao, J., Xue, Y. (2012) Terrestrial Biosphere Models Need Better Representation Of Vegetation Phenology: Results From The North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis, Global Change Biology, 18(2), 566-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
2011	DRAGONI, D., SCHMID, H. P., WAYSON, C. A., POTTER, H., GRIMMOND, C. S., RANDOLPH, J. C. (2011) Evidence Of Increased Net Ecosystem Productivity Associated With A Longer Vegetated Season In A Deciduous Forest In South-Central Indiana, Usa, Global Change Biology, 17(2), 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02281.x
2005	Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T. A., Curtis, P. S., Falge, E., Fuentes, J. D., Granier, A., Gu, L., Knohl, A., Lee, X., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., Wofsy, S., Xu, L., Yamamoto, S. (2005) Predicting The Onset Of Net Carbon Uptake By Deciduous Forests With Soil Temperature And Climate Data: A Synthesis Of FLUXNET Data, International Journal Of Biometeorology, 49(6), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-005-0256-4
2005	Sims, D. A., Rahman, A. F., Cordova, V. D., Baldocchi, D. D., Flanagan, L. B., Goldstein, A. H., Hollinger, D. Y., Misson, L., Monson, R. K., Schmid, H. P., Wofsy, S. C., Xu, L. (2005) Midday Values Of Gross CO2 Flux And Light Use Efficiency During Satellite Overpasses Can Be Used To Directly Estimate Eight-Day Mean Flux, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 131(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.006
2004	Rahman, A. F., Cordova, V. D., Gamon, J. A., Schmid, H. P., Sims, D. A. (2004) Potential Of MODIS Ocean Bands For Estimating CO2flux From Terrestrial Vegetation: A Novel Approach, Geophysical Research Letters, 31(10), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019778
2004	Oliphant, A., Grimmond, C., Zutter, H., Schmid, H., Su, H., Scott, S., Offerle, B., Randolph, J., Ehman, J. (2004) Heat Storage And Energy Balance Fluxes For A Temperate Deciduous Forest, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 126(3-4), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.07.003
2002	Curtis, P. S., Hanson, P. J., Bolstad, P., Barford, C., Randolph, J., Schmid, H., Wilson, K. B. (2002) Biometric And Eddy-Covariance Based Estimates Of Annual Carbon Storage In Five Eastern North American Deciduous Forests, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00099-0
2002	Ehman, J. L., Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S., Randolph, J. C., Hanson, P. J., Wayson, C. A., Cropley, F. D. (2002) An Initial Intercomparison Of Micrometeorological And Ecological Inventory Estimates Of Carbon Exchange In A Mid-Latitude Deciduous Forest, Global Change Biology, 8(6), 575-589. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00492.x
2002	Davidson, E., Savage, K., Bolstad, P., Clark, D., Curtis, P., Ellsworth, D., Hanson, P., Law, B., Luo, Y., Pregitzer, K., Randolph, J., Zak, D. (2002) Belowground Carbon Allocation In Forests Estimated From Litterfall And IRGA-Based Soil Respiration Measurements, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00101-6
2001	Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Paw, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., Wofsy, S. (2001) FLUXNET: A New Tool To Study The Temporal And Spatial Variability Of Ecosystem–Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, And Energy Flux Densities, Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, 82(11), 2415-2434. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2
2000	Schmid, H., Grimmond, C.S.B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., Su, H.B. (2000) Measurements Of CO2 And Energy Fluxes Over A Mixed Hardwood Forest In The Mid-Western United States, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 103(4), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00140-4
1999	Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., Jensen, B. (1999) Nitrogen Dry Deposition At An Ameriflux Site In A Hardwood Forest In The Midwest, Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6), 691-694. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900066

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

DOI(s) for citing US-MMS data

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

Acknowledgments

Resources

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

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US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

2017.US.MMS.sitevisit.IMG_1466

Flux Tower at MMSF

Using a boom-lift to measure leaf gas exchange in Morgan Monroe State Forest (US-MMS)

View from the top of the Morgan-Monroe State Forest Flux Tower (US-MMS)

Tower at MMSF, IN, USA

Leaf gas exchange sampling at MMSF

View north from MMSF tower

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

BADM for This Site

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

Wind Roses

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US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

DOI(s) for citing US-MMS data

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

Acknowledgments

Resources

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

2017.US.MMS.sitevisit.IMG_1466

Flux Tower at MMSF

Using a boom-lift to measure leaf gas exchange in Morgan Monroe State Forest (US-MMS)

View from the top of the Morgan-Monroe State Forest Flux Tower (US-MMS)

Tower at MMSF, IN, USA

Leaf gas exchange sampling at MMSF

View north from MMSF tower

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

MODIS NDVI

PhenoCam Images and Derived Time Series Data

Citation:

GeoNEX Data Products

NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NIRv Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation

DSR: Surface downward shortwave radiation

LST: Land Surface Temperature

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US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

BADM for This Site

US-MMS: Morgan Monroe State Forest

Wind Roses

Wind Speed (m/s)

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