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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

Tower_team:
PI: Andrew Ouimette Andrew.Ouimette@usda.gov - USDA Forest Service
AncContact: David Hollinger David.Hollinger@unh.edu - USDA Forest Service
Technician: Roel Alfredo Ruzol roel.ruzol@maine.edu - University of Maine
Lat, Long: 45.2041, -68.7402
Elevation(m): 60
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP: ENF (Evergreen Needleleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.)
Climate Koeppen: Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 5.27
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 1070
Flux Species Measured: CO2, H, H2O, CH4, N2O
Years Data Collected: 1996 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 1996 - 2024   Data Citation

AmeriFlux FLUXNET 1996 - 2023   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
Closed conifer forest, minimal disturbance. References: Fernandez et al. (1993), Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73 317-328. Hollinger et al. (1999), ...
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URL: http://howlandforest.org/site_files/site.html
Research Topics:
Carbon balance * Influence of environmental variables on C-exchange * Soil processes * Isotopic fractionation * Scaling to the region CO2, H2O, sensible ...
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Acknowledgment: —
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit: John Lee, 05/19/2003
Copyright preference: Open use
Site Publication More Site Publications

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing US-Ho1 data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if US-Ho1 data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246061
    Citation: David Hollinger (2025), AmeriFlux BASE US-Ho1 Howland Forest (main tower), Ver. 11-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246061
  • AmeriFlux FLUXNET: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2469453
    Citation: David Hollinger (2024), AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Ho1 Howland Forest (main tower), Ver. 3-6, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2469453

Find global FLUXNET datasets, like FLUXNET2015 and FLUXNET-CH4, and their citation information at fluxnet.org.

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

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Acknowledgments

    —

Resources

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

Year Publication
2022 Teets, A., Moore, D. J., Alexander, M. R., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Burns, S. P., Carbone, M. S., Ducey, M. J., Fraver, S., Gough, C. M., Hollinger, D. Y., Koch, G., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K. A., Ollinger, S. V., Ouimette, A. P., Pederson, N., Ricciuto, D. M., Seyednasrollah, B., Vogel, C. S., Richardson, A. D. (2022) Coupling Of Tree Growth And Photosynthetic Carbon Uptake Across Six North American Forests, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(4), . https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006690
2020 Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2021 Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2012 Richardson, A. D., Anderson, R. S., Arain, M. A., Barr, A. G., Bohrer, G., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Dragoni, D., Garrity, S. R., Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Migliavacca, M., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Poulter, B., Raczka, B. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Sahoo, A. K., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Xiao, J., Xue, Y. (2012) Terrestrial Biosphere Models Need Better Representation Of Vegetation Phenology: Results From The North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis, Global Change Biology, 18(2), 566-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
2013 Barr, A., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Papale, D., Arain, M., Black, T., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M., Gu, L., Law, B., Margolis, H., McCaughey, J., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Schaeffer, K. (2013) Use Of Change-Point Detection For Friction–Velocity Threshold Evaluation In Eddy-Covariance Studies, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.023
2013 Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2014 Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2019 Guerrieri, R., Belmecheri, S., Ollinger, S. V., Asbjornsen, H., Jennings, K., Xiao, J., Stocker, B. D., Martin, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Bracho-Garrillo, R., Clark, K., Dore, S., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K., Richardson, A. D. (2019) Disentangling The Role Of Photosynthesis And Stomatal Conductance On Rising Forest Water-Use Efficiency, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 116(34), 16909-16914. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905912116
2015 Toomey, M., Friedl, M. A., Frolking, S., Hufkens, K., Klosterman, S., Sonnentag, O., Baldocchi, D. D., Bernacchi, C. J., Biraud, S. C., Bohrer, G., Brzostek, E., Burns, S. P., Coursolle, C., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Pallardy, S., Phillips, R. P., Torn, M. S., Wharton, S., Zeri, M., Richardson, A. D. (2015) Greenness Indices From Digital Cameras Predict The Timing And Seasonal Dynamics Of Canopy-Scale Photosynthesis, Ecological Applications, 25(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1890/14-0005.1
2017 Raczka, B., Biraud, S. C., Ehleringer, J. R., Lai, C., Miller, J. B., Pataki, D. E., Saleska, S. R., Torn, M. S., Vaughn, B. H., Wehr, R., Bowling, D. R. (2017) Does Vapor Pressure Deficit Drive The Seasonality Of δ13C Of The Net Land-Atmosphere Co2 Exchange Across The United States?, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122(8), 1969-1987. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003795
2018 Sihi, D, Davidson, E.A., Chen, M, Savage, K.E., Richardson, A.D., Keenan, T.F., Hollinger, D. Y. (2018) Merging a mechanistic enzymatic model of soil heterotrophic respiration into an ecosystem model in two AmeriFlux sites of northeastern USA, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 252, 155-166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.026
2015 Dennis Baldocchi, Cove Sturtevant (2015) Does day and night sampling reduce spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration?, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 207, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.010
2006 Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., Wofsy, S. C. (2006) A Multi-Site Analysis Of Random Error In Tower-Based Measurements Of Carbon And Energy Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 136(1-2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007
2002 Davidson, E., Savage, K., Bolstad, P., Clark, D., Curtis, P., Ellsworth, D., Hanson, P., Law, B., Luo, Y., Pregitzer, K., Randolph, J., Zak, D. (2002) Belowground Carbon Allocation In Forests Estimated From Litterfall And IRGA-Based Soil Respiration Measurements, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00101-6
2002 Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Tenhunen, J., Aubinet, M., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Clement, R., Davis, K. J., Elbers, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Grelle, A., Granier, A., Guðmundsson, J., Hollinger, D., Kowalski, A. S., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Monson, R. K., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., Wofsy, S. (2002) Seasonality Of Ecosystem Respiration And Gross Primary Production As Derived From FLUXNET Measurements, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00102-8
2005 Arain, M. A., Restrepo-Coupe, N. (2005) Net Ecosystem Production In A Temperate Pine Plantation In Southeastern Canada, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 128(3-4), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.003
2005 Xiao, X., Zhang, Q., Hollinger, D., Aber, J., Moore, B. (2005) Modeling Gross Primary Production Of An Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Using Modis And Climate Data, Ecological Applications, 15(3), 954-969. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0470
2006 Davidson, E. A., Janssens, I. A., Luo, Y. (2006) On The Variability Of Respiration In Terrestrial Ecosystems: Moving Beyond Q10, Global Change Biology, 12(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01065.x
2005 Sims, D. A., Rahman, A. F., Cordova, V. D., Baldocchi, D. D., Flanagan, L. B., Goldstein, A. H., Hollinger, D. Y., Misson, L., Monson, R. K., Schmid, H. P., Wofsy, S. C., Xu, L. (2005) Midday Values Of Gross CO2 Flux And Light Use Efficiency During Satellite Overpasses Can Be Used To Directly Estimate Eight-Day Mean Flux, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 131(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.006
2004 Xiao, X., Hollinger, D., Aber, J., Goltz, M., Davidson, E. A., Zhang, Q., Moore, B. (2004) Satellite-Based Modeling Of Gross Primary Production In An Evergreen Needleleaf Forest, Remote Sensing Of Environment, 89(4), 519-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.008
2004 Hollinger, D. Y., Aber, J., Dail, B., Davidson, E. A., Goltz, S. M., Hughes, H., Leclerc, M. Y., Lee, J. T., Richardson, A. D., Rodrigues, C., Scott, N., Achuatavarier, D., Walsh, J. (2004) Spatial And Temporal Variability In Forest-Atmosphere CO2 Exchange, Global Change Biology, 10(10), 1689-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00847.x
2004 Lai, C., Ehleringer, J. R., Tans, P., Wofsy, S. C., Urbanski, S. P., Hollinger, D. Y. (2004) Estimating Photosynthetic C-13 Discrimination In Terrestrial CO2 Exchange From Canopy To Regional Scales, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18(1), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002148
1993 Fernandez, I. J., Rustad, L. E., Lawrence, G. B. (1993) Estimating Total Soil Mass, Nutrient Content, And Trace Metals In Soils Under A Low Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest, Canadian Journal Of Soil Science, 73(3), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-034
1999 Hollinger, D. Y., Goltz, S. M., Davidson, E. A., Lee, J. T., Tu, K., Valentine, H. T. (1999) Seasonal Patterns And Environmental Control Of Carbon Dioxide And Water Vapour Exchange In An Ecotonal Boreal Forest, Global Change Biology, 5(8), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00281.x
2005 Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., Sulzman, J. (2005) An Analysis Of Soil Respiration Across Northern Hemisphere Temperate Ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 29-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-2946-0
2006 Davidson, E. A., Richardson, A. D., Savage, K. E., Hollinger, D. Y. (2006) A Distinct Seasonal Pattern Of The Ratio Of Soil Respiration To Total Ecosystem Respiration In A Spruce-Dominated Forest, Global Change Biology, 12(2), 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01062.x
2002 Davidson, E., Savage, K., Verchot, L., Navarro, R. (2002) Minimizing Artifacts And Biases In Chamber-Based Measurements Of Soil Respiration, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00100-4
2005 Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y. (2005) Statistical Modeling Of Ecosystem Respiration Using Eddy Covariance Data: Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation, And Monte Carlo Simulation Of Model And Parameter Uncertainty, Applied To Three Simple Models, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 131(3-4), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.008
2001 Savage, K. E., Davidson, E. A. (2001) Interannual Variation Of Soil Respiration In Two New England Forests, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15(2), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb001248
2002 Thornton, P., Law, B., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Falge, E., Ellsworth, D., Goldstein, A., Monson, R., Hollinger, D., Falk, M., Chen, J., Sparks, J. (2002) Modeling And Measuring The Effects Of Disturbance History And Climate On Carbon And Water Budgets In Evergreen Needleleaf Forests, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 185-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00108-9
2016 Zscheischler, J., Fatichi, S., Wolf, S., Blanken, P., Bohrer, G., Clark, K., Desai, A., Hollinger, D., Keenan, T., Novick, K.A., Seneviratne, S.I. (2016) Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 121(8), 2186-2198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003503
2016 Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113
2015 Bohrer, G., Steiner, A.L., Hollinger, D.Y., Suyker, A., Phillips, R.P., Nadelhoffer, K.J. (2015) Variations in the influence of diffuse light on gross primary productivity in temperate ecosystems, Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 201, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.11.002

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 715m x 715m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
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