US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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Tower_team:
PI:	Andrew Ouimette Andrew.Ouimette@usda.gov - USDA Forest Service
AncContact:	David Hollinger David.Hollinger@unh.edu - USDA Forest Service
Technician:	Roel Alfredo Ruzol roel.ruzol@maine.edu - University of Maine
Lat, Long:	45.2041, -68.7402
Elevation(m):	60
Network Affiliations:	AmeriFlux, Phenocam
Vegetation IGBP:	ENF (Evergreen Needleleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.)
Climate Koeppen:	Dfb (Warm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons )
Mean Annual Temp (°C):	5.27
Mean Annual Precip. (mm):	1070
Flux Species Measured:	CO2, H, H2O, CH4, N2O
Years Data Collected:	1996 - Present
Years Data Available:	AmeriFlux BASE 1996 - 2024 Data Citation AmeriFlux FLUXNET 1996 - 2023 Data Citation
Data Use Policy:	AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy¹
Description:	Closed conifer forest, minimal disturbance. References: Fernandez et al. (1993), Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73 317-328. Hollinger et al. (1999), ... Closed conifer forest, minimal disturbance. References: Fernandez et al. (1993), Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73 317-328. Hollinger et al. (1999), Global Change Biology 5: 891-902. Savage KE, Davidson EA (2001), Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15 337-350. Scott et al. (2004), Environmental Management, Vol. 33, Supplement 1, pp. S9-S22. Hollinger et al. (2004), Global Change Biology 10: 1689-1706. See More Show Less
URL:	http://howlandforest.org/site_files/site.html
Research Topics:	Carbon balance * Influence of environmental variables on C-exchange * Soil processes * Isotopic fractionation * Scaling to the region CO2, H2O, sensible ... Carbon balance * Influence of environmental variables on C-exchange * Soil processes * Isotopic fractionation * Scaling to the region CO2, H2O, sensible heat, and momentum fluxes at 25 and 3 m above the ground * See More Show Less
Acknowledgment:	—

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US-Ho1

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Image Credit: John Lee, 05/19/2003
Copyright preference: Open use

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Year	Publication
2022	Teets, A., Moore, D. J., Alexander, M. R., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Burns, S. P., Carbone, M. S., Ducey, M. J., Fraver, S., Gough, C. M., Hollinger, D. Y., Koch, G., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K. A., Ollinger, S. V., Ouimette, A. P., Pederson, N., Ricciuto, D. M., Seyednasrollah, B., Vogel, C. S., Richardson, A. D. (2022) Coupling Of Tree Growth And Photosynthetic Carbon Uptake Across Six North American Forests, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(4), . https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006690
2021	Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., Zona, D. (2021) Representativeness Of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints For Areas Surrounding Ameriflux Sites, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 301-302, 108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
2020	Xu, B., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Law, B. E., Pastorello, G. Z., Chu, H. (2020) Seasonal Variability Of Forest Sensitivity To Heat And Drought Stresses: A Synthesis Based On Carbon Fluxes From North American Forest Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, 26(2), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14843
2019	Guerrieri, R., Belmecheri, S., Ollinger, S. V., Asbjornsen, H., Jennings, K., Xiao, J., Stocker, B. D., Martin, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Bracho-Garrillo, R., Clark, K., Dore, S., Kolb, T., Munger, J. W., Novick, K., Richardson, A. D. (2019) Disentangling The Role Of Photosynthesis And Stomatal Conductance On Rising Forest Water-Use Efficiency, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 116(34), 16909-16914. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905912116
2018	Sihi, D, Davidson, E.A., Chen, M, Savage, K.E., Richardson, A.D., Keenan, T.F., Hollinger, D. Y. (2018) Merging a mechanistic enzymatic model of soil heterotrophic respiration into an ecosystem model in two AmeriFlux sites of northeastern USA, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 252, 155-166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.026
2017	Raczka, B., Biraud, S. C., Ehleringer, J. R., Lai, C., Miller, J. B., Pataki, D. E., Saleska, S. R., Torn, M. S., Vaughn, B. H., Wehr, R., Bowling, D. R. (2017) Does Vapor Pressure Deficit Drive The Seasonality Of δ13C Of The Net Land-Atmosphere Co2 Exchange Across The United States?, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122(8), 1969-1987. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003795
2016	Wolf, S., Keenan, T.F., Fisher, J.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R.L., Law, B.E., Litvak, M.E., Brunsell, N.A., Peters, W., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T. (2016) Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(21), 5880-5885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113
2016	Zscheischler, J., Fatichi, S., Wolf, S., Blanken, P., Bohrer, G., Clark, K., Desai, A., Hollinger, D., Keenan, T., Novick, K.A., Seneviratne, S.I. (2016) Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 121(8), 2186-2198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003503
2015	Bohrer, G., Steiner, A.L., Hollinger, D.Y., Suyker, A., Phillips, R.P., Nadelhoffer, K.J. (2015) Variations in the influence of diffuse light on gross primary productivity in temperate ecosystems, Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 201, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.11.002
2015	Dennis Baldocchi, Cove Sturtevant (2015) Does day and night sampling reduce spurious correlation between canopy photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration?, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 207, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.010
2015	Toomey, M., Friedl, M. A., Frolking, S., Hufkens, K., Klosterman, S., Sonnentag, O., Baldocchi, D. D., Bernacchi, C. J., Biraud, S. C., Bohrer, G., Brzostek, E., Burns, S. P., Coursolle, C., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Pallardy, S., Phillips, R. P., Torn, M. S., Wharton, S., Zeri, M., Richardson, A. D. (2015) Greenness Indices From Digital Cameras Predict The Timing And Seasonal Dynamics Of Canopy-Scale Photosynthesis, Ecological Applications, 25(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1890/14-0005.1
2014	Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., Stoy, P. C., Baker, I. T., Black, A. T., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Gough, C. M., Ivanov, V. Y., Jassal, R. S., Novick, K. A., Schäfer, K. V., Verbeeck, H. (2014) Characterizing The Diurnal Patterns of Errors in The Prediction of Evapotranspiration by Several Land-Surface Models: An Nacp Analysis, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119(7), 1458-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002623
2013	Keenan, T. F., Hollinger, D. Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J. W., Schmid, H. P., Richardson, A. D. (2013) Increase In Forest Water-Use Efficiency As Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Rise, Nature, 499(7458), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291
2013	Barr, A., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Papale, D., Arain, M., Black, T., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M., Gu, L., Law, B., Margolis, H., McCaughey, J., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Schaeffer, K. (2013) Use Of Change-Point Detection For Friction–Velocity Threshold Evaluation In Eddy-Covariance Studies, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 171-172, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.023
2012	Richardson, A. D., Anderson, R. S., Arain, M. A., Barr, A. G., Bohrer, G., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Dragoni, D., Garrity, S. R., Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Margolis, H. A., McCaughey, H., Migliavacca, M., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Poulter, B., Raczka, B. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Sahoo, A. K., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Xiao, J., Xue, Y. (2012) Terrestrial Biosphere Models Need Better Representation Of Vegetation Phenology: Results From The North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis, Global Change Biology, 18(2), 566-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
2006	Davidson, E. A., Richardson, A. D., Savage, K. E., Hollinger, D. Y. (2006) A Distinct Seasonal Pattern Of The Ratio Of Soil Respiration To Total Ecosystem Respiration In A Spruce-Dominated Forest, Global Change Biology, 12(2), 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01062.x
2006	Davidson, E. A., Janssens, I. A., Luo, Y. (2006) On The Variability Of Respiration In Terrestrial Ecosystems: Moving Beyond Q10, Global Change Biology, 12(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01065.x
2006	Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., Wofsy, S. C. (2006) A Multi-Site Analysis Of Random Error In Tower-Based Measurements Of Carbon And Energy Fluxes, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 136(1-2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007
2005	Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y. (2005) Statistical Modeling Of Ecosystem Respiration Using Eddy Covariance Data: Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation, And Monte Carlo Simulation Of Model And Parameter Uncertainty, Applied To Three Simple Models, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 131(3-4), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.008
2005	Hibbard, K. A., Law, B. E., Reichstein, M., Sulzman, J. (2005) An Analysis Of Soil Respiration Across Northern Hemisphere Temperate Ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 73(1), 29-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-2946-0
2005	Sims, D. A., Rahman, A. F., Cordova, V. D., Baldocchi, D. D., Flanagan, L. B., Goldstein, A. H., Hollinger, D. Y., Misson, L., Monson, R. K., Schmid, H. P., Wofsy, S. C., Xu, L. (2005) Midday Values Of Gross CO2 Flux And Light Use Efficiency During Satellite Overpasses Can Be Used To Directly Estimate Eight-Day Mean Flux, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 131(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.006
2005	Xiao, X., Zhang, Q., Hollinger, D., Aber, J., Moore, B. (2005) Modeling Gross Primary Production Of An Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Using Modis And Climate Data, Ecological Applications, 15(3), 954-969. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0470
2005	Arain, M. A., Restrepo-Coupe, N. (2005) Net Ecosystem Production In A Temperate Pine Plantation In Southeastern Canada, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 128(3-4), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.003
2004	Lai, C., Ehleringer, J. R., Tans, P., Wofsy, S. C., Urbanski, S. P., Hollinger, D. Y. (2004) Estimating Photosynthetic C-13 Discrimination In Terrestrial CO2 Exchange From Canopy To Regional Scales, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18(1), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002148
2004	Hollinger, D. Y., Aber, J., Dail, B., Davidson, E. A., Goltz, S. M., Hughes, H., Leclerc, M. Y., Lee, J. T., Richardson, A. D., Rodrigues, C., Scott, N., Achuatavarier, D., Walsh, J. (2004) Spatial And Temporal Variability In Forest-Atmosphere CO2 Exchange, Global Change Biology, 10(10), 1689-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00847.x
2004	Xiao, X., Hollinger, D., Aber, J., Goltz, M., Davidson, E. A., Zhang, Q., Moore, B. (2004) Satellite-Based Modeling Of Gross Primary Production In An Evergreen Needleleaf Forest, Remote Sensing Of Environment, 89(4), 519-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.008
2002	Thornton, P., Law, B., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Falge, E., Ellsworth, D., Goldstein, A., Monson, R., Hollinger, D., Falk, M., Chen, J., Sparks, J. (2002) Modeling And Measuring The Effects Of Disturbance History And Climate On Carbon And Water Budgets In Evergreen Needleleaf Forests, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 185-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00108-9
2002	Davidson, E., Savage, K., Verchot, L., Navarro, R. (2002) Minimizing Artifacts And Biases In Chamber-Based Measurements Of Soil Respiration, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00100-4
2002	Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Tenhunen, J., Aubinet, M., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Clement, R., Davis, K. J., Elbers, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Grelle, A., Granier, A., Guðmundsson, J., Hollinger, D., Kowalski, A. S., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Monson, R. K., Munger, J., Oechel, W., Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., Wofsy, S. (2002) Seasonality Of Ecosystem Respiration And Gross Primary Production As Derived From FLUXNET Measurements, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00102-8
2002	Davidson, E., Savage, K., Bolstad, P., Clark, D., Curtis, P., Ellsworth, D., Hanson, P., Law, B., Luo, Y., Pregitzer, K., Randolph, J., Zak, D. (2002) Belowground Carbon Allocation In Forests Estimated From Litterfall And IRGA-Based Soil Respiration Measurements, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 113(1-4), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00101-6
2001	Savage, K. E., Davidson, E. A. (2001) Interannual Variation Of Soil Respiration In Two New England Forests, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15(2), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb001248
1999	Hollinger, D. Y., Goltz, S. M., Davidson, E. A., Lee, J. T., Tu, K., Valentine, H. T. (1999) Seasonal Patterns And Environmental Control Of Carbon Dioxide And Water Vapour Exchange In An Ecotonal Boreal Forest, Global Change Biology, 5(8), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00281.x
1993	Fernandez, I. J., Rustad, L. E., Lawrence, G. B. (1993) Estimating Total Soil Mass, Nutrient Content, And Trace Metals In Soils Under A Low Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest, Canadian Journal Of Soil Science, 73(3), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-034

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

DOI(s) for citing US-Ho1 data

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

17.USHo1.Sitevisit.DSC01430

Site buildings at the Howland Research Forest

A young moose on the access road leading to the Howland Research site

Howland Main tower from a helicopter

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

DOI(s) for citing US-Ho1 data

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

Acknowledgments

Resources

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

17.USHo1.Sitevisit.DSC01430

Site buildings at the Howland Research Forest

A young moose on the access road leading to the Howland Research site

Howland Main tower from a helicopter

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

MODIS NDVI

PhenoCam Images and Derived Time Series Data

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GeoNEX Data Products

NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NIRv Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation

DSR: Surface downward shortwave radiation

LST: Land Surface Temperature

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US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

BADM for This Site

US-Ho1: Howland Forest (main tower)

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