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BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

Tower_team:
PI: Scott Saleska saleska@email.arizona.edu - University of Arizona
AncContact: Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Junior raimundo.oliveira-junior@embrapa.br - Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
AncContact: Rodrigo da Silva rsilvf@gmail.com - Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (Federal University of Western Pará)
FluxContact: Natalia Restrepo-Coupe nataliacoupe@gmail.com - University of Arizona
Lat, Long: -2.8567, -54.9589
Elevation(m): 88
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux, LBA
Vegetation IGBP: EBF (Evergreen Broadleaf Forests: Lands dominated by woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees and shrubs remain green year round. Canopy is never without green foliage.)
Climate Koeppen: Am (Tropical monsoon)
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 26.13
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 2074.79
Flux Species Measured: CO2
Years Data Collected: 2002 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 2001 - 2021   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
The LBA Tapajos KM67 Mature Forest site is a closed-canopy terra firme (upland) forest, located in the FLONA Tapajos, or National Forest, a 450,000 ha ...
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URL: https://saleskalab.org/amazon/
Research Topics:
The research and science objectives of the LBA Tapajos KM67 Mature Forest site are as follows: 1) Investigate the long-term interannual variance of carbon ...
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Acknowledgment: The Br-Sa1 Km67 tower site is a project of the Brazilian Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia (Large scale Biosphere-Atmosphere research program in Amazônia, LBA) (https://programalba.cloud/)
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
Site Photo More Site Images
Image Credit: Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, 05/27/2022
Copyright preference: As long as credit is given
Site Publication More Site Publications

BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing BR-Sa1 data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if BR-Sa1 data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1245994
    Citation: Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Scott Saleska (2025), AmeriFlux BASE BR-Sa1 Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest, Ver. 6-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1245994

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

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Acknowledgments

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Resources

BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

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BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

Year Publication
2013 Restrepo-Coupe, N., da Rocha, H. R., Hutyra, L. R., da Araujo, A. C., Borma, L. S., Christoffersen, B., Cabral, O. M., de Camargo, P. B., Cardoso, F. L., da Costa, A. C., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Goulden, M. L., Kruijt, B., Maia, J. M., Malhi, Y. S., Manzi, A. O., Miller, S. D., Nobre, A. D., von Randow, C., Sá, L. D., Sakai, R. K., Tota, J., Wofsy, S. C., Zanchi, F. B., Saleska, S. R. (2013) What Drives the Seasonality of Photosynthesis Across the Amazon Basin? A Cross-Site Analysis of Eddy Flux Tower Measurements from the Brasil Flux Network, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 182-183, 128-144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031
2017 Restrepo‐Coupe, N., Levine, N. M., Christoffersen, B. O., Albert, L. P., Wu, J., Costa, M. H., Galbraith, D., Imbuzeiro, H., Martins, G., da Araujo, A. C., Malhi, Y. S., Zeng, X., Moorcroft, P., Saleska, S. R. (2017) Do Dynamic Global Vegetation Models Capture The Seasonality Of Carbon Fluxes In The Amazon Basin? A Data‐Model Intercomparison, Global Change Biology, 23(1), 191-208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13442
2019 Albert, L. P., Restrepo‐Coupe, N., Smith, M. N., Wu, J., Chavana‐Bryant, C., Prohaska, N., Taylor, T. C., Martins, G. A., Ciais, P., Mao, J., Arain, M. A., Li, W., Shi, X., Ricciuto, D. M., Huxman, T. E., McMahon, S. M., Saleska, S. R. (2019) Cryptic Phenology In Plants: Case Studies, Implications, And Recommendations, Global Change Biology, 25(11), 3591-3608. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14759
2021 Restrepo‐Coupe, N., Albert, L. P., Longo, M., Baker, I., Levine, N. M., Mercado, L. M., da Araujo, A. C., Christoffersen, B. O., Costa, M. H., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Galbraith, D., Imbuzeiro, H., Malhi, Y., von Randow, C., Zeng, X., Moorcroft, P., Saleska, S. R. (2021) Understanding Water And Energy Fluxes In The Amazonia: Lessons From An Observation‐Model Intercomparison, Global Change Biology, 27(9), 1802-1819. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15555
2024 Restrepo-Coupe, N., Campos, K. S., Alves, L. F., Longo, M., Wiedemann, K. T., de Oliveira, R. C., Aragao, L. E., Christoffersen, B. O., Camargo, P. B., Figueira, A. M., Ferreira, M. L., Oliveira, R. S., Penha, D., Prohaska, N., da Araujo, A. C., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Saleska, S. R. (2024) Contrasting Carbon Cycle Responses to Dry (2015 El Niño) and Wet (2008 La Niña) Extreme Events at an Amazon Tropical Forest, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 353, 110037. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110037
2022 Victor Hugo da Motta Paca, Gonzalo E. Espinoza-Dávalos, Rodrigo da Silva,Raphael Tapajós, Avner Brasileiro dos Santos Gaspar (2022) Remote Sensing Products Validated by Flux Tower Data in Amazon Rain Forest, Remote Sensing, 14(5), 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051259
2019 Paca, V. H., Espinoza-Dávalos, G. E., Hessels, T. M., Moreira, D. M., Comair, G. F., Bastiaanssen, W. G. (2019) The Spatial Variability Of Actual Evapotranspiration Across The Amazon River Basin Based On Remote Sensing Products Validated With Flux Towers, Ecological Processes, 8(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0158-8
2019 Paca, V. H., Espinoza-Dávalos, G. E., Hessels, T. M., Moreira, D. M., Comair, G. F., Bastiaanssen, W. G. (2019) The Spatial Variability Of Actual Evapotranspiration Across The Amazon River Basin Based On Remote Sensing Products Validated With Flux Towers, Ecological Processes, 8(1), . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0158-8
2018 Hayek, M. N., Longo, M., Wu, J., Smith, M. N., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Tapajós, R., da Silva, R., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Camargo, P. B., Hutyra, L. R., Alves, L. F., Daube, B., Munger, J. W., Wiedemann, K. T., Saleska, S. R., Wofsy, S. C. (2018) Carbon Exchange In An Amazon Forest: From Hours To Years, Biogeosciences, 15(15), 4833-4848. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4833-2018
2018 Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., Poindexter, C., Abraha, M., Desai, A. R., Bohrer, G., Arain, M. A., Griffis, T., Blanken, P. D., O'Halloran, T. L., Thomas, R. Q., Zhang, Q., Burns, S. P., Frank, J. M., Christian, D., Brown, S., Black, T. A., Gough, C. M., Law, B. E., Lee, X., Chen, J., Reed, D. E., Massman, W. J., Clark, K., Hatfield, J., Prueger, J., Bracho, R., Baker, J. M., Martin, T. A. (2018) Temporal Dynamics Of Aerodynamic Canopy Height Derived From Eddy Covariance Momentum Flux Data Across North American Flux Networks, Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 9275–9287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079306
2018 Hayek, M. N., Wehr, R., Longo, M., Hutyra, L. R., Wiedemann, K., Munger, J. W., Bonal, D., Saleska, S. R., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Wofsy, S. C. (2018) A Novel Correction For Biases In Forest Eddy Covariance Carbon Balance, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 250-251, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.12.186
2005 Wick, B., Veldkamp, E., Mello, W. Z. De, Keller, M., Crill, P. (2005) Nitrous Oxide Fluxes And Nitrogen Cycling Along A Pasture Chronosequence In Central Amazonia, Brazil, Biogeosciences, 2(2), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-175-2005
2004 Chambers, J. Q., Tribuzy, E. S., Toledo, L. C., Crispim, B. F., Higuchi, N., Santos, J. d., Araújo, A. C., Kruijt, B., Nobre, A. D., Trumbore, S. E. (2004) Respiration From A Tropical Forest Ecosystem: Partitioning Of Sources And Low Carbon Use Efficiency, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1890/01-6012
2003 Saleska, S. R., Miller, S. D., Matross, D. M., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C., Rocha, H. R. da, Camargo, P. B. de, Crill, P., Daube, B. C., Freitas, H. C. de, Hutyra, L., Keller, M., Kirchhoff, V., Menton, M., Munger, J. W., Pyle, E. H., Rice, A. H., Silva, H. (2003) Carbon In Amazon Forests: Unexpected Seasonal Fluxes And Disturbance-Induced Losses, Science, 302(5650), 1554-1557. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091165
2004 Keller, M., Alencar, A., Asner, G. P., Braswell, B., Bustamante, M., Davidson, E., Feldpausch, T., Fernandes, E., Goulden, M., Kabat, P., Kruijt, B., Luizão, F., Miller, S., Markewitz, D., Nobre, A. D., Nobre, C. A., Priante Filho, N., da Rocha, H., Silva Dias, P., von Randow, C., Vourlitis, G. L. (2004) Ecological Research In The Large-Scale Biosphere– Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia: Early Results, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-6003
2004 Baker, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Malhi, Y., Almeida, S., Arroyo, L., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T., Killeen, T. J., Laurance, S. G., Laurance, W. F., Lewis, S. L., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo, A., Neill, D. A., Patino, S., Pitman, N. C., M. Silva, J. N., Vasquez Martinez, R. (2004) Variation In Wood Density Determines Spatial Patterns Inamazonian Forest Biomass, Global Change Biology, 10(5), 545-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00751.x
2004 Rice, A. H., Pyle, E. H., Saleska, S. R., Hutyra, L., Palace, M., Keller, M., de Camargo, P. B., Portilho, K., Marques, D. F., Wofsy, S. C. (2004) Carbon Balance And Vegetation Dynamics In An Old-Growth Amazonian Forest, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-6006
2004 Kruijt, B., Elbers, J. A., von Randow, C., Araújo, A. C., Oliveira, P. J., Culf, A., Manzi, A. O., Nobre, A. D., Kabat, P., Moors, E. J. (2004) The Robustness Of Eddy Correlation Fluxes For Amazon Rain Forest Conditions, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-6004
2004 Vourlitis, G. L., Priante Filho, N., Hayashi, M. M., Nogueira, J. d., Raiter, F., Hoegel, W., Campelo, Jr, J. H. (2004) Effects Of Meteorological Variations On The CO2 Exchange Of A Brazilian Transitional Tropical Forest, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1890/01-6005
2004 Riggan, P. J., Tissell, R. G., Lockwood, R. N., Brass, J. A., Pereira, J. A., Miranda, H. S., Miranda, A. C., Campos, T., Higgins, R. (2004) Remote Measurement Of Energy And Carbon Flux From Wildfires In Brazil, Ecological Applications, 14(3), 855-872. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5162
2004 Martens, C. S., Shay, T. J., Mendlovitz, H. P., Matross, D. M., Saleska, S. R., Wofsy, S. C., Woodward, W. S., Menton, M. C., De Moura, J. M., Crill, P. M., De Moraes, O. L., Lima, R. L. (2004) Radon Fluxes In Tropical Forest Ecosystems Of Brazilian Amazonia: Night-Time CO2 Net Ecosystem Exchange Derived From Radon And Eddy Covariance Methods, Global Change Biology, 10(5), 618-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00764.x
2004 Quesada, C. A., Miranda, A. C., Hodnett, M. G., Santos, A. J., Miranda, H. S., Breyer, L. M. (2004) Seasonal And Depth Variation Of Soil Moisture In A Burned Open Savanna (Campo Sujo) In Central Brazil, Ecological Applications, 14(sp4), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1890/01-6017
2005 Gu, L., Falge, E. M., Boden, T., Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T., Saleska, S. R., Suni, T., Verma, S. B., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S. C., Xu, L. (2005) Objective Threshold Determination For Nighttime Eddy Flux Filtering, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 128(3-4), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.006

BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

BR-Sa1: Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 1014m x 1014m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
    Sep - Dec; 6pm - 6am
    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am