Carbon Dioxide Exchange Of A Pepperweed ( Lepidium Latifolium L.) Infestation: How Do Flowering And Mowing Affect Canopy Photosynthesis And Autotrophic Respiration?

The net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange of invasive plant infestations, such as perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.), is not well understood. A characteristic feature of pepperweed’s phenological cycle is its small white flowers during secondary inflorescence. Pepperweed flowering causes uniform reflectance over the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus decreasing the amount of energy absorbed by the canopy and available for photosynthesis. Little is known about how pepperweed flowering and control measures such as mowing affect canopy photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration (F_AR) and thus ecosystem respiration. To examine this question, we analyzed CO₂flux measurements made with eddy covariance over a pepperweed infestation in California, covering three growing seasons. Unmowed pepperweed caused the site to be almost CO₂ neutral (2007: −28 g C m⁻² period⁻¹) or a net source (2009: 129 g C m⁻² period⁻¹), mostly because of reduced maximum photosynthetic capacity by 13 (2007) and 17 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (2009) due to flowering during the plant’s prime photosynthetic period. Reference F_AR at 10°C was reduced by 2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2007 and 2009. Mowing during early flowering reversed the attenuating effects of pepperweed flowering, causing the site to act as a net CO₂ sink (2008: −174 g C m⁻² period⁻¹) mainly due to prolonged photosynthetic CO₂uptake over the plant’s early vegetative growth phase. Our results highlight the tight link between pepperweed’s prominent key phenological phase and applied control measures, which together exert dominant control over the infestation’s CO₂ source-sink strength.