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US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

Tower_team:
PI: G. Philip Robertson robert30@msu.edu - Michigan State University
PI: Jiquan Chen jqchen@msu.edu - Michigan State University
FluxContact: Michael Abraha abraha@msu.edu - Michigan State University
Lat, Long: 42.4441, -85.3098
Elevation(m): 259.1
Network Affiliations: AmeriFlux
Vegetation IGBP: GRA (Grasslands: Lands with herbaceous types of cover. Tree and shrub cover is less than 10%. Permanent wetlands lands with a permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation. The vegetation can be present in either salt, brackish, or fresh water.)
Climate Koeppen: Dfa (Humid Continental: humid with severe winter, no dry season, hot summer)
Mean Annual Temp (°C): 9.9
Mean Annual Precip. (mm): 1027
Flux Species Measured: CO2, H, H2O
Years Data Collected: 2009 - Present
Years Data Available:

AmeriFlux BASE 2009 - 2021   Data Citation
Data Use Policy:AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 Policy1
Description:
The site was planted to smooth brome grass under the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland since 1987 before conversion. The grass was ...
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URL: http://lees.geo.msu.edu/index.html
Research Topics: Land use change, bioenergy, GHG
Acknowledgment: Supported by DOE (DE-FC02-07ER64494, DE-AC05-76RL01830) & NSF-LTER (DEB 1027253)
Site Tasks
  1. This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
    The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if this site’s data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
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US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

Use the information below for citation of this site. See the Data Policy page for more details.

DOI(s) for citing US-KM2 data

Data Use Policy: AmeriFlux CC-BY-4.0 License

This site’s data can also be used under the more restrictive AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.
The AmeriFlux Legacy Policy must be followed if US-KM2 data are combined with data from sites that require the AmeriFlux Legacy Policy.

  • AmeriFlux BASE: https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1647440
    Citation: G. Philip Robertson, Jiquan Chen (2022), AmeriFlux BASE US-KM2 KBS Marshall Farms Prairie, Ver. 4-5, AmeriFlux AMP, (Dataset). https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1647440

To cite BADM when downloaded on their own, use the publications below for citing site characterization. When using BADM that are downloaded with AmeriFlux BASE and AmeriFlux FLUXNET products, use the DOI citation for the associated data product.

Publication(s) for citing site characterization

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Acknowledgments

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Resources

US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

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Note: Results are the number of downloads to distinct data users. The Download Count column indicates the number of times the data user downloaded the data. The Version column refers to the version of the data product for the site that was downloaded by the data user.

Year Range

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US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

Year Publication
2025 Xia, Y., Sanderman, J., Watts, J. D., Machmuller, M. B., Mullen, A. L., Rivard, C., Endsley, A., Hernandez, H., Kimball, J., Ewing, S. A., Litvak, M., Duman, T., Krishnan, P., Meyers, T., Brunsell, N. A., Mohanty, B., Liu, H., Gao, Z., Chen, J., Abraha, M., Scott, R. L., Flerchinger, G. N., Clark, P. E., Stoy, P. C., Khan, A. M., Brookshire, E. N., Zhang, Q., Cook, D. R., Thienelt, T., Mitra, B., Mauritz‐Tozer, M., Tweedie, C. E., Torn, M. S., Billesbach, D. (2025) Coupling Remote Sensing With A Process Model For The Simulation Of Rangeland Carbon Dynamics, Journal Of Advances In Modeling Earth Systems, 17(3), . https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004342
2020 Abraha, M., Chen, J., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. (2020) Long‐Term Evapotranspiration Rates For Rainfed Corn Versus Perennial Bioenergy Crops In A Mesic Landscape, Hydrological Processes, 34(3), 810-822. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13630
2020 Abraha, M., Chen, J., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. (2020) Long‐Term Evapotranspiration Rates For Rainfed Corn Versus Perennial Bioenergy Crops In A Mesic Landscape, Hydrological Processes, 34(3), 810-822. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13630
2020 Abraha, M., Chen, J., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. (2020) Long‐Term Evapotranspiration Rates For Rainfed Corn Versus Perennial Bioenergy Crops In A Mesic Landscape, Hydrological Processes, 34(3), 810-822. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13630
2016 Abraha, M., Gelfand, I., Hamilton, S. K., Shao, C., Su, Y., Robertson, G. P., Chen, J. (2016) Ecosystem Water-Use Efficiency Of Annual Corn And Perennial Grasslands: Contributions From Land-Use History And Species Composition, Ecosystems, 19(6), 1001-1012. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-9981-2
2018 Abraha, M., Hamilton, S. K., Chen, J., Robertson, G. P. (2018) Ecosystem Carbon Exchange On Conversion Of Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands To Annual And Perennial Cropping Systems, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 253-254, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.016
2019 Abraha, M., Gelfand, I., Hamilton, S. K., Chen, J., Robertson, G. P. (2019) Carbon Debt Of Field-Scale Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands Converted To Annual And Perennial Bioenergy Crops, Environmental Research Letters, 14(2), 024019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafc10
2018 Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., Poindexter, C., Abraha, M., Desai, A. R., Bohrer, G., Arain, M. A., Griffis, T., Blanken, P. D., O'Halloran, T. L., Thomas, R. Q., Zhang, Q., Burns, S. P., Frank, J. M., Christian, D., Brown, S., Black, T. A., Gough, C. M., Law, B. E., Lee, X., Chen, J., Reed, D. E., Massman, W. J., Clark, K., Hatfield, J., Prueger, J., Bracho, R., Baker, J. M., Martin, T. A. (2018) Temporal Dynamics Of Aerodynamic Canopy Height Derived From Eddy Covariance Momentum Flux Data Across North American Flux Networks, Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 9275–9287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079306
2013 Zenone, T., Gelfand, I., Chen, J., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. (2013) From Set-Aside Grassland To Annual And Perennial Cellulosic Biofuel Crops: Effects Of Land Use Change On Carbon Balance, Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, 182-183, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.07.015
2015 Abraha, M., Chen, J., Chu, H., Zenone, T., John, R., Su, Y., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. (2015) Evapotranspiration Of Annual And Perennial Biofuel Crops In A Variable Climate, GCB Bioenergy, 7(6), 1344-1356. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12239

US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

BADM for This Site

Access the Biological, Ancillary, Disturbance and Metadata (BADM) information and data for this site.

BADM contain information for many uses, such as characterizing a site’s vegetation and soil, describing disturbance history, and defining instrumentation for flux processing. They complement the flux/met data.

* Online updates are shown on the Overview tab real time. However, downloaded BADM files will not reflect those updates until they have been reviewed for QA/QC.

US-KM2: KBS Marshall Farms Prairie

Wind Roses

Click an image below to enlarge it, or use the navigation panel.
  • Image scale: 749m x 749m
  • Data Collected:
    • Wind roses use variables ‘WS’ and ‘WD’.
    Download Data Download Wind Rose as Image File (PNG)

    Wind Speed (m/s)

  • Graph Type
  • Wind Speed Scale
  • Wind Direction Scale (%)
  • Show Satellite Image
  • Show Wind Rose
    • Annual Average
    About Ameriflux Wind Roses
    Wind Rose Explanation
    A wind rose gives a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, a wind rose shows the frequency and intensity of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each “spoke” around the circle indicates the amount of time (frequency) that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed (intensity). Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
    Utility
    This information can be useful to gain insight into regions surrounding a flux tower that contribute to the measured fluxes, and how those regions change in dependence of the time of day and season. The wind roses presented here are for four periods of the year, and in 16 cardinal directions. Graphics are available for all sites in the AmeriFlux network based on reported wind measurements at each site.
    Data from each site can be downloaded by clicking the ‘download’ button.
    Hover the cursor over a wind rose to obtain directions, speeds and intensities.
    Note that wind roses are not equivalent to flux footprints. Specifically, the term flux footprint describes an upwind area “seen” by the instruments measuring vertical turbulent fluxes, such that heat, water, gas and momentum transport generated in this area is registered by the instruments. Wind roses, on the other hand, identify only the direction and speed of wind.
    Where do these data come from?
    The wind roses are based on observed hourly data from the sites registered with the AmeriFlux Network.
    Parameters for AmeriFlux Wind Roses
    To use wind roses for a single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Per Site
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): Per Site
    To compare wind roses from more than one single AmeriFlux site, the following parameters may be most useful:
    • Wind Speed Scale: Non-Linear
    • Wind Direction Scale (%): AmeriFlux
    Mar - Jun; 6am - 6pm
    Mar - Jun; 6pm - 6am
    Jun - Sep; 6am - 6pm
    Jun - Sep; 6pm - 6am
    Sep - Dec; 6am - 6pm
    Sep - Dec; 6pm - 6am
    Dec - Mar; 6am - 6pm
    Dec - Mar; 6pm - 6am